Innate Immunity Rashida

INNATE IMMUNITY
Dr: Rashida Elmubarak

Innate immunity
Is the first line of defense against micro organisms
Characteristic features:
Fast response
Non specific
No memory
External barriers is part of innate immunity

Innate Response
Cellular Extracellular
• Neutrophils • Cytokines
• Monocytes /macrophages
• Complement
• NK cells
• Coagulation
• TLRs
White blood cells (WBCs)
Macrophages
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural killer(NK)
cells
Mast cells
Phagocytosis
• Phago = to eat
• Cyte = cell find < eat< and digest microbes
• Phagocytes :
• Neutrophils :
• They are produce in bone marrow +migrate
• To blood regeneration in tissue
• Major defence against extracellular organism
Neutrophils In Innate Immune Response
• Most abundant WBCs (~50-60%)
• Efficient phagocytes
• Most important cells of the innate immune system

How do neutrophils eat and digest microbes ?
Granules
Macrophages
 Produce in bone marrow _in blood as monocytes_in

tissue as macrophages
Major defence against intracellular organism
Name of macrophage cell according to site:
 Histiocytes in lymph nodes
 Kupffer cells in liver
 Microglia in centeral nervous system
 Osteoclasts in bone
 Alveolar macrophages in lungs
 Intraglomerular mesangial cell in kidney

Monocytes
• Monocytes
(~5% of WBCs)
• Migrate into the Lung Bone

tissues and
become
Macrophages
Liver Brain intestine
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
• Most important part of pattern recognition receptors
(PPRS) have many receptors
• Present on macrophages / few other cells
• This receptor recognize foreign material not present
on human cell like LPS in gram –ve bacteria this
binding induce production of cytokines and surface
protein –activate helper T-cell and produce antibodies
• Important part of innate immune system
TLRs – What do they do ?
They look out for microbes (or their components)
They bind to the microbes (or their components)
THEY ARE INNATE IMMUNE SENSORS

TLRs – look out for microbes
Antigen presenting cells
• Macrophages and monocytes :
• Nucleated cell express protein called class 1major histocompatibility
complex(MHC)
• Macrophages and dendritic cell express a different protein called
class II MHC
• macrophages –class II MHC - activation cytokines –T cell and NK
cell
 dendritic cell – class II MHC –stimulate adaptive immunity
Natural killer cells
• Not B-lymphocytes / T-lymphocytes
• Important part of the innate immune system
• Kill virus /bacteria infected cells

(Intracellular pathogens)
• Kills cancer cells

Kills both host cells and microbes
Release of granules with perforins and proteases

NK cells differentiate choose cells to kill ?
Uninfected cell / Normal cell
Microbe infected cell / cancer cell
Some cell surface proteins are missing

Cytokines
• Small proteins – secreted by

cells of the immune system
• Affect the behaviour of other

cells
• signalling molecules
• Key players in innate and

acquired immunity
Examples of cytokines
• Interferons
• Interleukins
• Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

Which cells release cytokines ?
• Cells of the immune system:
• Neutrophils – when they encounter a pathogen
• Macrophages – when they encounter a pathogen
• TLRs – bind to microbe / components of a microbe
• NK cells – on encountering a microbe infected cell /tumour cell
• Lymphocytes – when they are activated

Interferons (IFN)
• Signalling proteins produced by by virus infected monocytes
and lymphocytes
• Secreted proteins – Key anti-viral proteins
• “Interfere” with virus replication
• If we did not have IFNs – most of us may die of influenza virus

infection
Interleukins
• Interleukins – 1-37
• Not stored inside cells
• Quickly synthesized and secreted in response

to infection
• Key modulators of behaviour of immune cells

What to interleukins do ?
Proliferation of immune cells
Interleukins
Increase antibody production
Inflammation
Activation of immune cells

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
TNF
Killing of cancer Fever

Inflammation
Complement (C`)
• a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one
another (C1 thro’ C9)
• Complement can bind to microbes and coat the microbes
• Essential part of innate immune response

• Complement system :complex of over 30 protein
Activation via the alternative and lectin path ways
It is important part of innate immunity
• Antigens: A molecule that recognized by the adaptive
immune system
• Epitope: The smallest parts of AG that are bind to
antibody
Most antigens have one or more determinants(epitopes)
Haptens
• Hapten: is substance that can not by it self induce a specific immune

response but is able to react with preformed Abs receptor
• Haptens are not immunogenic is that they can not activate helper T-
cell
Super Antigens: Foreign proteins which non specifically
activate large numbers of T-cell result in polyclonal T-cell
activation and massive cytokine release
Autoantigen: also called self antigen an antigen that
despite being a normal tissue constituent is the target of
humoral or mediated immune response as autoimmune
disease
• Isogenic antigen: an antigen that induces an
immune response when transferred organs
• Tumor antigens: antigens on the surface of tumor
cell
• Allogenic antigen: antigen that occurs in some but
not all individuals of the same species
Receptors
• Receptor for the immune system :
An immune receptor is a receptor that binds to a
substance and caused response in the immune system
 Immune receptor can be located:
 On the cell surface
 interacellular
 soluble molecules
Questions and Discussion
THANKS

Innate Immunity Rashida

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INNATE IMMUNITY

Dr: Rashida Elmubarak

External barriers is part of innate immunity

• Most abundant WBCs (~50-60%)

• Most important cells of the innate immune system

 Produce in bone marrow _in blood as monocytes_in

 Kupffer cells in liver

 Microglia in centeral nervous system

 Alveolar macrophages in lungs

 Intraglomerular mesangial cell in kidney

• Migrate into the Lung Bone

They bind to the microbes (or their components)

THEY ARE INNATE IMMUNE SENSORS

• Important part of the innate immune system

• Kill virus /bacteria infected cells

• Kills cancer cells

Release of granules with perforins and proteases

Uninfected cell / Normal cell

Microbe infected cell / cancer cell

Some cell surface proteins are missing

• Small proteins – secreted by

• Affect the behaviour of other

• Key players in innate and

• Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

• Neutrophils – when they encounter a pathogen

• Macrophages – when they encounter a pathogen

• TLRs – bind to microbe / components of a microbe

• NK cells – on encountering a microbe infected cell /tumour cell

• Lymphocytes – when they are activated

• Secreted proteins – Key anti-viral proteins

• “Interfere” with virus replication

• If we did not have IFNs – most of us may die of influenza virus

• Not stored inside cells

• Quickly synthesized and secreted in response

• Key modulators of behaviour of immune cells

Proliferation of immune cells

Activation of immune cells

Killing of cancer Fever

• Complement can bind to microbes and coat the microbes

• Essential part of innate immune response

• Hapten: is substance that can not by it self induce a specific immune

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