Breathing 3

GASEOUS EXCHANGE
 Gaseous exchange involves the of transfer of O2 from

surrounding air or water to the exchange surface of lungs
& removal of CO2 & H2O and from the lungs to the
surrounding air or water
 Gaseous exchange involves following Phases
 Breathing
 External Respiration
 Internal Respiration or Tissue Respiration
BREATHING
Breathing is the part of gaseous exchange process
It is a physical process in which air move in & out of the exchange
surfaces of lungs.
Breathing involves following process:-
 Inspiration/ Inhalation / Breathing in :- responsible for
presenting surrounding air with its O to the surface where
2
gaseous exchange will take place

 Expiration/ Exhalation / Breathing out:- -- pushing air with its
waste CO & H O back into atmosphere
2 2
Breathing is followed by External, Internal and tissue respiration

external respiration
In which exchange of gases take place between Alveolar air and blood in the capillary
TISSUE RESPIRATION OR INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Occurs within living cells or tissues of the

body
 Involves exchange of substances--oxygen
and carbon dioxide between capillaries &
cells
 Involve oxidation of organic food
molecules with the release of energy,
carbon dioxide and water.
 All the energy that organism uses, is made
available in this process
BREATHING MECHANISMS
 Breathing is done by the pumping action of lungs, muscles contraction
& movement of ribs.
THE LUNGS  Each lung lies in the pleural cavity, and when
expanded both lungs almost fill the cavity
 The pleural cavity is lined by 2 transparent
elastic membranes called the pleura or
pleural membranes
 The inner pleuron covers the lung, while the
outer one is in contact with the walls of the
thorax and the diaphragm
 The thin layer of lubricating fluid between
the pleura allows the membranes to glide over
each other easily when the lungs expand and
contract during breathing
 During breathing lungs are inflated & deflated
by the action of muscles which help to form
thorax
THE RIBS &
MUSCLES  The chest wall is supported by the ribs,
which are dorsally attached to the
backbone in such a way that they can move
up and down
 In front, the ribs are similarly attached to the
chest bone or sternum
 In man, there are 12 pairs of ribs but only
the first 10 pairs (from top) are attached to
the sternum, while the remaining pairs being
free ribs
 Between the ribs are 2 sets of muscles –
external & internal intercostal muscles
 External lies between pair of ribs while
internal between ribs & vertebral column
 When the external intercostal muscles
contract, the internal intercostal muscles
relax and vice versa working
antagonistically
 The thorax is separated from the abdomen THORACIC
by a CAVITY
dome shaped sheet of muscle and elastic tissue & DIAPHRAGM
– diaphragm
 When the diaphragm muscles contract, it
flattens downwards
 When diaphragm muscle relax it arches
upwards again
 The working of the intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm changes the volume of the thoracic
activity which in turn alters the pressure within
thoracic cavity
INHALATION
 While breathing in, the external intercostal muscles contract where as the
internal intercostal muscles relax
 As a result, the ribs swing upwards and outwards, increasing the breadth of the
thorax
 Accordingly, the sternum moved up and further away from the backbone,
increasing the dorso-ventral diameter of the thorax
 The diaphragm contracts and flattens and so enlarges the thoracic cavity
 Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity lowers the pressure inside the
cavity
 Causes the lungs to expand to fill up the enlarged space, creating a partial
vacuum
 This reduces the air pressure in the alveoli that is now lower than the
atmospheric air pressure
 So atmospheric air rushes into the lungs until both the air pressures become
equal
 Thus, the air is actually sucked into the lungs
INSPIRATION OR INHALATION
EXPIRATION OR
EXHALATION
The diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
The external intercostal muscles relax while the internal
intercostal muscles contract
The ribs and sternum return to their original positions
pressing on the lungs
Thus increasing pressure & squeezing the air out of the
lungs to the atmosphere.
Air is forced out of the lungs as internal intercostal
contracts to provide some additional force
EXPIRATION OR EXHALATION
CAPACITY OF LUNGS
Lung capacity == 5 Litres

Tidal volume (volume of air breathed
in or out== 0.5 litres
Complemental air (extra air breathed
in along with tidal air)
Supplemental air forced out amount of
complemental air
Vital volume– maximum amount of air
that can be breathed in or out
Residual volume== volume of air that
the lungs must hold to keep the shape
---- 1.5 litres
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON
RATE & DEPTH OF BREATHING
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more O2
and produces more CO2
To cope with this extra demand, your rate and depth of breathing has to
increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are
resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise.
CO2 levels are the main influence, oxygen levels only affect
breathing with dangerously low.
If CO2 levels increase, the respiratory center is stimulated to increase
the rate and depth of breathing
This increases the rate of CO2 removal and returns concentrations to
normal resting levels.
The higher the intensity & longer duration of exercise the bigger the
oxygen deficit and the longer the respiration rate and depth will
stay elevated after the workout has finished.
Commercial Spirometer
An electronic
instrument with tube
provide a graph of
depth & frequency of
breathing, when we
breathe in & out
through that tube
EFFECTS OF CHANGING THE CARBON DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING
 Rate and Depth of breathing increase
when carbon dioxide concentration
increases ;
 More the CO2 conc. larger increase in rate
of breathing than the depth of breathing
 Both rate and depth of breathing decrease
when the carbon dioxide concentration
decreases especially below zero
 Rate of breathing does not but depth of
breathing starts to return to zero
(percentage change);

Breathing 3

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE

 Gaseous exchange involves the of transfer of O2 from

gaseous exchange will take place

Breathing is followed by External, Internal and tissue respiration

 Occurs within living cells or tissues of the

Lung capacity == 5 Litres

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