Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Abebe T. (MSC)
Department of Civil Engineering
Woldiya University
Shear Force and Bending Moments
Consider a section x-x at a distance 6m from left hand support A
6m
RA = 8.2 kN RB=14.8kN
Imagine the beam is cut into two pieces at section x-x and is separated, as
shown in figure
4m 5kN 5m 1m
A
10kN 8kN B
6m
8.2 kN
9m 14.8 kN
To find the forces experienced by the section, consider any one portion of the
beam. Taking left hand portion
Transverse force experienced = 8.2 – 5 = 3.2 kN (upward)
Moment experienced = 8.2 × 6 – 5 × 2 = 39.2 kN-m (clockwise)
If we consider the right hand portion, we get
Transverse force experienced = 14.8 – 10 – 8 =-3.2 kN = 3.2 kN (downward)
Moment experienced = - 14.8 × 9 +8 × 8 + 10 × 3 = -39.2 kN-m = 39.2 kN-m
5kN 3.2 kN
A
39.2 kN-m
3.2 kN 14.8 kN
3.2 kN 39.2 kN
3.2 kN
F M
F
Shear force at x-x Bending moment at x-x
1.Sign Convention for shear force
F
F
F
F
Convexity
Convexity
x x1
dx L
M M+dM
vx O
dx x1
M M+dM
vx O
dx x1
dv
w It is the relation Between intensity of Load and
dx shear force
5.Variation of Shear force and bending moments
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
RA RB
Solution: [Clockwise moment is Positive]
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- RB × 8 + 8 × 7 + 10 × 4 + 5 × 2 = 0 RB = 13.25 N
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA + 13.25 = 5 + 10 + 8 RA = 9.75 N
Shear Force Calculation:
0 1 5N 10N 8N 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
6
2m 2m 3m 1m
RA = 9.75 N RB=13.25N
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N
13.25N 13.25N
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N
13.25N 13.25N
Bending Moment Calculation
BMD
VM-34 5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
Example Problem 1
4.75N 4.75N
13.25N 13.25N
29Nm
19.5Nm 13.25Nm
BMD
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N
13.25N 13.25N
29Nm
19.5Nm 13.25Nm
BMD
Example Problem 2
2. Draw SFD and BMD for the double side overhanging
beam subjected to loading as shown below. Locate points
of contraflexure if any.
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m RA 3m 3m RB 2m
Solution:
Calculation of Reactions:
Due to symmetry of the beam, loading and boundary
conditions, reactions at both supports are equal.
.`. RA = RB = ½(5+10+5+2 × 6) = 16 kN
5kN 10kN 5kN
0 1 2 3 4 5 2kN/m 6 7 8 9
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
0 1 6
2m 3m 3m 2m
RA=16kN RB = 16kN
Shear Force Calculation: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = - 5kN V6-6 = - 5 – 6 = - 11kN
V2-2 = - 5kN V7-7 = - 11 + 16 = 5kN
V3-3 = - 5 + 16 = 11 kN V8-8 = 5 kN
V4-4 = 11 – 2 × 3 = +5 kN V9-9 = 5 – 5 = 0 (Check)
V5-5 = 5 – 10 = - 5kN
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
+
+
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
RA=16kN RB = 16kN
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
14kNm
BMD
10kNm
10kNm
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
11kN
+ 5kN 5kN 5kN
+
5kN 5kN
SFD 14kNm 11kN
BMD
10kNm
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
x
C Ax D B E
x
2m 3m 3m x
2m
10kNm 10kNm
Points of contra flexure
3. Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Determine the
absolute maximum bending moment and shear forces and
mark them on SFD and BMD. Also locate points of contra
flexure if any.
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
A
C B D
4m 1m 2m
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
A B
RA 4m 1m RB 2m
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
2 3 4 5 7
0 1 6
0 2 3 4 5 7
1 6
RA=22.4kN 4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
A
C B D
RA=22.4kN 4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
22.4kN
5 kN 5 kN
x = 2.24m
17.6kN
19.6kN 19.6kN
SFD
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN
X 5kN
A
x X C B D
RA=22.4kN
4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is
zero. The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is available
in the portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a distance x
from support A as shown above.
The shear force at that section can be calculated as
Vx-x = 22.4 - 10. x = 0 x = 2.24 m
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN
5kN
A D
C B
RA=22.4kN 4m 1m
2m
RB=24.6kN
Calculations of Bending Moments:
MA = MD = 0
MC = 22.4 × 4 – 10 × 4 × 2 = 9.6 kNm
MB = 22.4 × 5 – 10 × 4 × 3 – 2 × 1 = - 10kNm (Considering Left portion
of the section)
Alternatively
MB = -5 × 2 = -10 kNm (Considering Right portion of the section)
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment is at X- X ,
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
X
A
x = 2.24m X C B D
RA=22.4kN
4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
Mmax = 25.1 kNm
9.6kNm Point of
contra flexure
BMD 10kNm
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
X
A x = 2.24m X C B D
RA=22.4kN
4m 1m 2m
R =24.6kN
B
22.4kN
5 kN 5 kN
x = 2.24m
17.6kN
19.6kN 19.6kN
SFD
Point of
contra flexure
9.6kNm
10kNm
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
X
A D
x X C B
RA=22.4kN
4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
Calculations of Absolute Maximum Bending Moment:
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is
zero. The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is
available in the portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a
distance x from support A as shown above.
The shear force at that section can be calculated as
Vx-x = 22.4 - 10. x = 0 x = 2.24 m
Max. BM at X- X ,
Example Problem 3
10kN/m 2 kN 5kN
X
A
x = 2.24m X C B D
RA=22.4kN
4m 1m 2m
RB=24.6kN
Mmax = 25.1 kNm
9.6kNm Point of
contra flexure
BMD 10kNm
Example Problem 3
M A A
5 ( 2 a ) 24 . 6 a 0
A
a = 0.51 m
Mmax = 25.1 kNm
9.6kNm Point of
contra flexure
BMD 10kNm
a
A
Example Problem 4
Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Mark salient points on
SFD and BMD.
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
3m 2m 2m
Example Problem 4
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
RA 3m 2m RB 2m
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
1 2 3 4 5
0 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
RB = 144kN
RA = 46kN 3m 2m 2m
RA
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
RB = 144kN
RA = 46kN 3m 2m 2m
RA
44kN
SFD 84kN
Example Problem 4
X 60kN/m
20kN/m 20kN
A x C B D
X RB=144kN
RA =46kN 3m 2m 2m
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force
is zero. The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is
available in the portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a
distance ‘x’ from support A as shown above. The shear force
expression at that section should be equated to zero. i.e.,
Vx-x = 46 – ½ .x. (60/3)x = 0 x = 2.145 m
Example Problem 4
60kN/m
20kN/m 20kN
A
C B D
RB=144kN
RA =46kN 3m 2m 2m
Calculation of bending moments:
MA = M D = 0
MC = 46 × 3 – ½ × 3 × 60 × (1/3 × 3) = 48 kNm[Considering LHS of
section]
MB = -20 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = - 80 kNm [Considering RHS of section]
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment, Mmax = 46 × 2.145 – ½ ×
2.145 ×(2.145 × 60/3) × (1/3 × 2.145) = 65.74 kNm
Example Problem 4
60kN/m
20kN/m 20kN
A
C B D
RB=144kN
RA =46kN 3m 2m 2m
48kNm
65.74kNm
Cubic
parabola
Parabola
Point of
BMD Contra flexure Parabola
80kNm
Example Problem 4
44kN
SFD 84kN
65.74kNm
Cubic
parabola
Parabola
Point of
BMD Contra flexure Parabola
80kNm
Example Problem 4
X 60kN/m
20kN/m 20kN
A x=2.145m C B D
X RB=144kN
RA =46kN 3m 2m 2m
Calculations of Absolute Maximum Bending Moment:
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is
zero. The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is
available in the portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a
distance ‘x’ from support A as shown above. The shear force
expression at that section should be equated to zero. i.e.,
Vx-x = 46 – ½ .x. (60/3)x = 0 x = 2.145 m
Example Problem 4
60kN/m
20kN/m 20kN
A
C B D
RB=144kN
RA =46kN 3m 2m 2m
48kNm
65.74kNm 48kNm
Cubic
parabola
Parabola
a
Point of
BMD Contra flexure Parabola
80kNm
Example Problem 4
Point of contra flexure:
BMD shows that point of contra flexure is existing in the
portion CB. Let ‘a’ be the distance in the portion CB from the
support B at which the bending moment is zero. And that ‘a’
can be calculated as given below.
ΣMx-x = 0
(2 a ) 2
144 a 20 ( a 2 ) 20 0
2
a = 1.095 m
Example Problem 5
Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Mark salient points on
SFD and BMD.
40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
Example Problem 5
0.5m
40kN
20kN/m 30kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
40x0.5=20kNm
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
Example Problem 5
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
B C D E
RA
2m 1m 1m RD 2m
Solution: Calculation of reactions:
ΣMA = 0
-RD × 4 + 20 × 2 × 1 + 40 × 3 + 20 + ½ × 2 × 30 × (4+2/3) = 0
RD =80kN
ΣFy = 0 RA + 80 – 20 × 2 - 40 - ½ × 2 × 30 = 0 RA = 30 kN
Example Problem 5
20kNm 40kN
30kN/m
0 1 20kN/m 2 4 6 7
3 5
0 1 2 4 5 6 7
3
RD =80kN
RA =30kN
2m 1m 1m 2m
V1-1 = 30 kN V5-5 = - 50 kN
V2-2 = 30 – 20 × 2 = - 10kN V6-6 = - 50 + 80 = + 30kN
V3-3 = - 10kN V7-7 = +30 – ½ × 2 × 30 =
0(check)
Example Problem 5
20kNm 40kN
30kN/m
1 20kN/m 2 4 5 6 7
3
1 2 4 5 6 7
3
RD =80kN
RA =30kN
2m 1m 1m 2m
30kN Parabola
30kN
x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN
SFD
50kN 50kN
Example Problem 5
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
X 20kNm
A
B C D E
x = 1.5 m X
RA
2m 1m 1m RD 2m
20kNm
Example Problem 5
30kN Parabola
30kN
x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN
SFD
50kN 50kN
Parabola 20kNm
10kNm Point of contra flexure
20kNm
Example Problem 6
40kN
0.5m
300
20kN/m
0.7m
3m 1m 1m
Example Problem 6
0.5m 40kN
300
20kN/m
0.7m
A
3m 1m 1m
40Sin30 = 20kN
0.5m
3m 1m 1m
Example Problem 6
40Sin30 = 20kN
0.5m
3m 1m 1m
20x0.5 – 34.64x0.7=-14.25kNm
20kN
20kN/m
34.64kN
3m 1m 1m
Example Problem 6
20kN
20kN/m 14.25kNm
34.64kN HD
A 3m B 1m C 1m D
MD
VD
Calculation of Reactions (Here it is optional):
ΣFx = 0 HD = 34.64 kN
ΣFy = 0 VD = 20 × 3 + 20 = 80 kN
ΣMD = 0 MD - 20 × 3 × 3.5 – 20 × 1 – 14.25 =
244.25kNm
Example Problem 6
20kN
1 20kN/m 14.25kNm 6
2 3 4 5
34.64kN HD
2 3 4
1 3m 1m 1m 5 6 MD
VD=80kN
20kN
1 20kN/m 14.25kNm 6
2 3 4 5
34.64kN
HD
2 3 4
1 3m 1m 1m 5 6 MD
VD=80kN
60kN 60kN
SFD
80kN 80kN
Example Problem 6
20kN
20kN/m 14.25kNm
34.64kN
A B MD
3m 1m C 1m D
Bending Moment Calculations:
MA = 0
MB = - 20 × 3 × 1.5 = - 90 kNm
MC = - 20 × 3 × 2.5 = - 150 kNm (section before the couple)
MC = - 20 × 3 × 2.5 – 14.25 = -164.25 kNm (section after the couple)
MD = - 20 × 3 × 3.5 -14.25 – 20 × 1 = -244.25 kNm (section before
MD ) moment)
Example Problem 6
20kN
20kN/m 14.25kNm
34.64kN
A B
3m 1m C 1m D
90kNm
150kNm
BMD
164.25kNm
244.25kNm
W
Example Problem 6
L/2 L/2
wkN/m
wkN/m
Exercise Problems VM-73
Draw SFD and BMD for a single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Mark absolute
maximum bending moment on bending moment diagram and
locate point of contra flexure.
10kN 15kN/m
20kN/m
5kNm
1m 1m 3m 1m 1m 2m
1m 1m 2m 1m 1m
A B
2m 2m 2m 2m
A
B
6m 2m
A
1m 1m 1m B
A B
3m 4m 4m
A 2m 2m 2m B
A B
1m 4m 2m
10. Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected loading as shown below.. Mark salient features like
maximum positive, negative bending moments and shear forces,
inflection points if any.
24kN
0.5m 4kN/m
6kN/m
1m 1m 3m 2m 3m