Module 1 Q4 No Quiz

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Prepared by:
PACITA L.
LESTOJAS
OBJECTIVES
1. Define and illustrate the null hypothesis, alternative
hypothesis, level of significance, rejection region, and
types of errors in hypothesis testing.
2. Identify the rejection and non-rejection regions and the
critical values.
3. Differentiate Type I and Type II errors in claims and
decisions.
REVIEW/MOTIVATION
POPULATION
VS.
SAMPLE
Population
- consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are
being studied.
Sample
- a group of subjects selected from a Population
population.
Sample
 In statistics, a sample is an analytic subset of a larger population. The use
of samples allows researchers to conduct their studies with more
manageable data and in a timely manner.
 For example, in surveys, the whole population cannot be asked as it
would be very expensive and time-consuming. Hence, a sample is
selected instead to represent the population.
KEY CONCEPTS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 a statistical method applied in making decisions using
experimental data.
 testing an assumption that we make about a population.
HYPOTHESIS
 a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption about a
population parameter or about the distribution of a random
variable.
examples are mean and standard deviation
Examples of questions you can answer with a hypothesis test:
• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students differ from 66 inches?

• Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height
on average?
• Is the proportion of senior male students’ height significantly higher
than that of senior female students?
NULL VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS denoted by
 shows no significant difference between two parameters.

 an initial claim based on previous analyses, which the researcher
tries to disprove, reject, or nullify.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS denoted by or
 shows that observations are the result of a real effect.

 there is a significant difference between two parameters.
ILLUSTRATING NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Effect of Fertilizer “X” on Plant Growth
Alternative Hypothesis Null Hypothesis
Application of fertilizer “X” increases plant Application of fertilizer “X” does not increase
growth! There is a significant difference in the plant growth! There is no significant difference
height before and after application. in the height before and after application.
EXAMPLE OF and
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the Grade 11 students is
81. The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests if there is a
significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean score of
students in her class.
Claim: Mean score in Math of the Grade 11

students is 81.
Grade 11 Batch
(population)
To find out if this is true, the teacher will disprove the claim that
. This claim is the null hypothesis.
Class
The teacher gives her students in class a test, and determines (sample)
the mean or average of their scores. This is called the sample
mean. On the other hand, the batch score, which is 81, is the
population mean.
Therefore, the following are the null and alternative hypotheses. There are two
options to write them.
Let be the population mean and be the sample mean.
Option 1:
: The mean score of the Grade 11 students is 81 or .
: The mean score of the Grade 11 students is not 81 or .
Option 2:
: The mean score of the Grade 11 students has no significant
difference with the mean score of her students or .
: The mean score of the Grade 11 students has a significant
difference with the mean score of her students or .
Think null hypothesis as the current value of the population

REMEMBER: parameter, which you hope to disprove.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
 denoted by the Greek letter alpha,
 refers to the degree of significance in which we accept or reject
the null hypothesis; area under the normal curve within the
rejection region
 the probability of making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
 most common levels of significance are 1% or 0.01, 5% or 0.05,
and 10% or 0.1
For example:
When 5% or 0.05 level of significance is used, it means two things:

First, the area under he normal curve within the rejection region is 0.5.
Second, there is a 5% chance of committing an error in accepting or

rejecting the null hypothesis. ( would be rejected despite being true.)
TWO-TAILED TEST VS. ONE TAILED
TEST
Tw0-tailed test (non-directional):
when the alternative hypothesis is two sided
like
the value of the population parameter
One-tailed test (directional):

when the alternative hypothesis assumes a less than or
greater than value like or
can be either left-tailed test or right-tailed test

For example:
The average height of the students in Nieves Villarica NHS is 158.2 cm.
The school nurse wants to verify this. She randomly selects 100 students
and she wants to determine if their average heights is
(1) same or not the same as the height of the population

(2) less than the height of the population
(3) greater than the height of the population
Determine the type of test to use and write the alternative hypothesis and
null hypothesis in each case.
(1) Same or not the same as the height of the population
Method: Two-tailed test

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=158.2
Recall: Think null hypothesis as the value of
the population parameter.
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 158.2
In two-tailed tests, the level of

significance is divided into two.
Method: Left-tailed test

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=158.2
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇<158.2
Method: Right-tailed test

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=158.2
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇>158.2
REJECTION VS. NON-REJECTION
REGION
or acceptance region; the set or critical region; the
of all values of the test is true. set of all values of
statistic that causes us to fail the test statistic that
to reject the null hypothesis. causes us to reject the
null hypothesis.
is false.
a point or boundary on the test distribution that is compared to the test

statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.
REJECTION VS. NON-REJECTION
REGION
Basic Example:
In this example, since the computed value is at the non-rejection

region, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Note: Detailed examples will be discussed in the next lessons.
TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS
Type I Error denoted by Greek letter alpha,
 Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
 The maximum probability of committing a Type I error is the
level of significance.
Type II Error denoted by Greek letter beta,

 Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false
The Decision Grid
Example: Jury Trial
APPLICATION
Do the following series of exercises.
1. A farmer believes that using organic fertilizers on his plants
will yield greater income. His average income from the past
was ₱200,000 per year. What are the alternative hypothesis and
null hypothesis?
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
2. What type of hypothesis test must be used in the
previous problem?
3. Sketch the graph of the hypothesis test in the previous

problem at 0.05 level of significance.
4. Sketch the graph of a hypothesis test given that the
critical t-value is 1.318 and the computed t-value is 1.1.
What decision must we make regarding the null
hypothesis?
5. If we reject the null hypothesis in Item #4, did we
commit an error? If yes, what type of error?
ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
½ Crosswise
1. Differentiate between statistic and parameter.
2. Make a table showing the symbols used to denote
statistic in one column and symbols used to denote
parameter in another column.
THANK YOU!

Module 1 Q4 No Quiz

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 1 Q4 No Quiz

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 1 Q4 No Quiz

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students differ from 66 inches?

 shows no significant difference between two parameters.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS denoted by or

 shows that observations are the result of a real effect.

Effect of Fertilizer “X” on Plant Growth

Alternative Hypothesis Null Hypothesis

Claim: Mean score in Math of the Grade 11

Think null hypothesis as the current value of the population

When 5% or 0.05 level of significance is used, it means two things:

Second, there is a 5% chance of committing an error in accepting or

One-tailed test (directional):

can be either left-tailed test or right-tailed test

(1) same or not the same as the height of the population

Method: Two-tailed test

In two-tailed tests, the level of

Method: Left-tailed test

Method: Right-tailed test

a point or boundary on the test distribution that is compared to the test

In this example, since the computed value is at the non-rejection

Type II Error denoted by Greek letter beta,

3. Sketch the graph of the hypothesis test in the previous

You might also like