PH Lesson 2

Introduction to
the Philosophy
of the Human
Person
3 Classes of People
- Lovers of Gain
- Lovers of Honor
- Lovers of Knowledge or
PYTHAGOR
Wisdom
AS
PHILOSOPHY
PHILIA/
SOPHIA
PHILOS
- LOVE - WISDOM
LOVE OF WISDOM
Philosophy
WISDOM
correct application of
knowledge
LOVE
strong desire for a
particular object
PHILOSOPH
Y
is a science that studies BEINGS in their
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles
through the aid of human reason alone.
Who is a Philosopher?
- A Lover of Wisdom
- He/She puts meaning to what is out there.
- Open to changes and discovery
- He/She does not stop knowing, wondering, and
asking questions.
- Hungers for truth, meaning and sense.
- Someone goes beyond the surface of things,
experiences, transendence and possesses a beautiful
mind.
Characteristics of PHILOSOPHY
FRAMEWORK
EXAMINATION OF
KNOWLEDGE
DISCIPLINE
1. FRAMEWORK
is a way of thinking about the world

and is composed of views and beliefs
of a person.
- Abella, 2016
2. EXAMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE
This means that principle of Philosophy can also

be used as an examination of other disciplines or
particular knowledge.
In the long run other areas of specialization may

benefit from the very nature of Philosophy!
3. DISCIPLINE
- Philosophy begins in humans

experience of reality being the most
ancient of all intellectual disciplines.
PHILOSOPHY is the Mother of the Human and
Natural Sciences
GREECE
____ _____ ______ ______ _______ ______

- Ancient Greece is located at Southern tip
of the balcons at the crossroads of Europe,
Africa and Asia.
- Greece is the “birthplace of Philosophy”

in the west specifically at the Great City of
Miletus.
THALES OF MILETUS
- Known as the first Greek philosopher
and the Father of Philosophy. (624-546
BCE)
- regarded as the first to engage in the inquiry of

searching for causes and principles of the natural
world and various phenomena without relying on
supernatural explanation and divine components.
- by observing nature, he believed that the earth

floats on water, while it is considered as the first
ultimate substance.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1 Metaphysics 2 Epistemology
3 Logic
Philosophy
4 Ethics 5 Aesthetics
1. METAPHYSICS
• Literally means “after physics”

• It is the study of reality and existence. It
studies what we are and what our purpose is.
• Aristotle formally explored fundamental
questions of metaphysics with topics about
being, first causes, and change.
• Foundation of Philosophy
Example:
Concept of GOD
FREEDOM
SOUL
“Metaphysics is the first Philosophy” -

Aristotle
Some examples of specific questions that metaphysicians
reflect upon are the following:
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE?

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
LIFE?
DOES GOD EXIST?
Subdivision of Metaphysics
General
Special
Metaphysics/
Metaphysics
Ontology
- Cosmology
- Psychology
- Anthropology
- Natural Theology/
Theodicy
1. General Metaphysics/ Ontology
Ontology
Onto Logos
- Being - Knowledge or study
studies and attempts to understand the very nature of existence,

reality, being, and becoming
Basic Questions:
What is being?
Why do things exist, rather not
exist at all?
What is the meaning and nature
of reality?
2. Special Metaphysics
Cosmology
Kosmos Logos
- World - Knowledge or study
studies the world (or universe) including its origin,

dynamics, and characteristics, as well as the laws that
govern its order.
Basic Questions:
What is the origin of the world?

What is the basic material of
which the world is formed?
How do things arise?
Is the world or universe infinite?
PSYCHOLOGY
Psyche Logos
- Mind - Knowledge or study
study of the nature and dynamics of the human person

alone.
- with emphasis on the way the persons mind functions
and the way she behaves.
Basic Questions:
What is the nature of human

person?
Is there such thing as human
nature?
Is there life after death?
THEODICY or Natural Theology
Theos Logos
- God - Knowledge or study
study of the nature of God and religious beliefs

Basic Questions:
Is there God?
What and Who is God, If he exist
at all?
How do we prove the existence of
God?
2. EPISTEMOLOGY
• Comes from the Greek word “episteme” which

means “knowledge”.
• Deals with various problems concerning
knowledge.
• Study of the Nature and Scope of knowledge
and justified belief.
Basic Questions:
WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE?
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
HOW IS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED?
WHAT MAKES JUSTIFIED BELIEFS
JUSTIFIED?
3. LOGIC
• looks into whether there are rules or principles that

govern reasoning.
• As a study of reasoning, logic incorporates the analysis of
the methods of deduction and induction to provide the
rules on how people ought to think logically.
• Science of correct thinking.
• Study of principles and criteria of a valid argument.
• distinguish sound or good reasoning from unsound or bad
reasoning.
Basic Questions:
WHAT IS CORRECT REASONING?
WHAT DISTINGUISHES A GOOD
ARGUMENT FROM A BAD ONE?
HOW CAN DETECT A FALLACY IN AN
ARGUMENT?
4. ETHICS
• derived from the Greek term “Ethos” meaning “Moral Philosophy”
or “Custom/habit” is concerned about human conduct and morality
of human actions.
• How human persons ought to act and search for a definition of a right
conduct and good life.
The systematic reflections in ethics will lead to an understanding of the

concept of right and wrong and conceptions about morality which affects
one’s actions toward others. Thus, ethics helps people prioritize their
values.
ETHICS vs MORALITY
Theory of Practice of
right action rightness
and greater and
good. wrongness
of Human
Action.
Basic Questions:
WHAT IS A RIGHT CONDUCT AS THAT
WHICH CAUSES THE REALIZATION
OF THE GREATEST GOOD?
HOW DO WE DETERMINE A RIGHT
CONDUCT?
5. AESTHETICS
• Comes from the Greek word “aisthetikos” which means

“sensitive” or “perceptive”.
• the Philosopher is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic
experience and the idea of what is beautiful.
• The analysis is directed toward the nature of aesthetic
judgement, standards of beauty, and the objectivity of
these standards is response to the questions raised about
the meaning of aesthetic experience.
In Aesthetics, philosophers analyze whether
beauty is based on utility, experience, form,
pleasure, or expression.
For example, if you look at a painting or any

kind of artwork, what are your bases of
judgment to say that it is beautiful? How does a
panel of judges decide who wins beauty pageant?
How paintings priced?
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1 Metaphysics 2 Epistemology
3 Logic
Philosophy
4 Ethics 5 Aesthetics

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Introduction to

is a way of thinking about the world

This means that principle of Philosophy can also

In the long run other areas of specialization may

- Philosophy begins in humans

____ _____ ______ ______ _______ ______

- Greece is the “birthplace of Philosophy”

- regarded as the first to engage in the inquiry of

- by observing nature, he believed that the earth

• Literally means “after physics”

“Metaphysics is the first Philosophy” -

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE?

studies and attempts to understand the very nature of existence,

studies the world (or universe) including its origin,

What is the origin of the world?

study of the nature and dynamics of the human person

What is the nature of human

study of the nature of God and religious beliefs

• Comes from the Greek word “episteme” which

• looks into whether there are rules or principles that

The systematic reflections in ethics will lead to an understanding of the

• Comes from the Greek word “aisthetikos” which means

For example, if you look at a painting or any

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