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    Adjuncts

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    Manh Trang
    The document discusses adjuncts in semantics. It defines adjuncts as optional or secondary elements in a construction that can be removed without affecting the structure of the rest of the sentence. There are three main forms of adjuncts: single words, phrases, and clauses. Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances like temporal, locative, modicative, causal, instrumental, conditional, and concessive relationships. The document distinguishes between adjuncts and complements, noting that adjuncts are removable while complements are part of the core structure.

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    Adjuncts

    Uploaded by

    Manh Trang
    545 views24 pages
    The document discusses adjuncts in semantics. It defines adjuncts as optional or secondary elements in a construction that can be removed without affecting the structure of the rest of the sentence. There are three main forms of adjuncts: single words, phrases, and clauses. Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances like temporal, locative, modicative, causal, instrumental, conditional, and concessive relationships. The document distinguishes between adjuncts and complements, noting that adjuncts are removable while complements are part of the core structure.

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    The document discusses adjuncts in semantics. It defines adjuncts as optional or secondary elements in a construction that can be removed without affecting the structure of the rest of the sentence. There are three main forms of adjuncts: single words, phrases, and clauses. Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances like temporal, locative, modicative, causal, instrumental, conditional, and concessive relationships. The document distinguishes between adjuncts and complements, noting that adjuncts are removable while complements are part of the core structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    545 views24 pages

    Adjuncts

    Uploaded by

    Manh Trang
    The document discusses adjuncts in semantics. It defines adjuncts as optional or secondary elements in a construction that can be removed without affecting the structure of the rest of the sentence. There are three main forms of adjuncts: single words, phrases, and clauses. Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances like temporal, locative, modicative, causal, instrumental, conditional, and concessive relationships. The document distinguishes between adjuncts and complements, noting that adjuncts are removable while complements are part of the core structure.

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    Group :

    Topic:

    Adjuncts
    Semantics

    Overview
    I. Definition of adjuncts:
    II. Forms of adjuncts III.Semantic function of adverbial

    adjuncts. IV. Adverbial adjunct and adverbial complement distinguished V. Excercises

    I. Definition of adjuncts:
    A term used in grammatical theory to refer to

    an optional or secondary element in a construction. An adjunct may be removed without the E.g: structural identity of the rest of the John kicked the ball yesterday construction being affected instead of John kicked the ball but not John kicked yesterday

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    1. Single word 2. Phrase 3. Clause

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    1. Single word
    E.g: They left Ha Noi yesterday

    2. Phrase
    Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    2. Phrase
    Phrase Noun Prepositional Eg: He will beAdverb Chi Minh in the in Ho Phrases Phrases Phrases afternoon

    Noun Phrases functioning as Adjuncts

    Laura bought a new house last week Next year, he is going to go abroad to study.

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    2. Phrase
    Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

    Adverb Phrases functioning as Adjuncts

    They ate their meal too quickly She walked very gracefully down the steps Suddenly, the door opened

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    Adverb Phrases
    There is also such phrases are Adverbial adjuncts than Generally, Adverb a thing as anmore often Noun Phrase. These are nouns which are functioning as adverbs. Some complements. There are essentially two different kinds examples are this is yesterday, of case where today, not true. downtown, home and outside. Eg: He plays soccer beautifully.( adjunct) They took a walk downtown. (adjunct) He wrote the new sculpture downtown (complement) They put the article carefully. ( adjunct) The car handles beautifully. (complement) He worded the article carefully. (complement)

    2. Forms of adjuncts
    2. Phrase
    Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

    Prepositional Phrases functioning as Adjuncts Susan went to school in New York I work late on Mondays After work; I go to a local restaurant

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    Prepositional Phrases
    PPs as Adjuncts generally refer to time or to place -- they tell us when orwhere something happens. Eg: Prepositional Phrases can be both adjuncts and A student from Kansas. (adjunct) complements to nouns. Adjuncts add additional A university in Washington. (adjunct) information, of Biology. (complement) vital to the A student whereas complements are meaning of the nounWashington. (complement) is that The University of they modify. The tricky part nouns are still grammatical without their complements. The thing to focus on is that if they lack their complement, they do not mean the same thing.

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    3. Clause
    We will go out after Anne has come back home.

    Finite:

    Nonfinite

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    3. Clause
    Finite: Nonfinite

    While I was talking with my friends in the park, I heart a loud explosion. I was late for the lecture because it rained heavily. If you want to go to library, you have to have library's card. My mother didn't stay at hom, so I had to cook for dinner.

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    3. Clause
    Finite: Nonfinite

    *To-infinitive clause. * Bare infinitive clause. To get athan leave the child alone, I your best. Rather good mark, you have to try brought him to To have much money , I must work harder. work with me

    II. Forms of adjuncts


    3. Clause
    Finite: Nonfinite

    * -ing clause. * -ed clause. * -Small clause. world market, Vietnam has a lot of Intergreatingthe teacher, he didnt dare talk in class. Punished by with rage, John stormed out of the room. His face red chanllenges himself, he usually has the job done quickly Left to and opportunities.blue. Robert a lot of the house Writingpainted esays, he feel tired. We consider Mary intelligent.

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for

    the nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Temporal adjuncts establish when, for how long or how often a state or action happened or existed Today I go to the cinema with him. (time point) He has learned Chinese for 2 months.(duration) She goes to school by bus every day. (frequency)

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive
    Locative adjuncts establish where, to where or from where a state or action happened or existed.

    His book is on the table. (Locative) The map which you need is on that shelf. She moved to London.

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Modicative adjuncts establish how the action happened or the state existed, or modifying its scope. She worked with difficulty. (manner) He stood in silence. (state) He helped his mother with her housework. (limiting)

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Causal adjuncts establish the reason for, or purpose of, an action or state. The ladder collapsed because it was old. (reason) She went out to buy some bread. (purpose)

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Instrumental adjuncts establish the instrument of the action.

    Mr. Bibby wrote the letter with a pencil. I go to school by bicycle.

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Conditional adjuncts establish the condition in which a sentence becomes true. I would go to Paris, if I had the money. If you dont give me money, I will kill you.

    III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.


    Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

    nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:


    Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

    Concessive adjuncts establish the contrary circumstances.

    Lorna went out although it was raining. No matter who you are, I still love you.

    IV. Adverbial adjunct and adverbial complement distinguished


    An adjunct must always be a removable, i.e.

    extranuclear, element in the sentence. In the sentence below in the park can be removed and a well-formed sentence remains. . John drank a beer in the park. (locative adjunct)
    In the sentence below, however, in the park is part of

    the nucleus of the sentence and cannot be removed. It is thus not an adjunct but an adverbial complement. . John is in the park. (locative complement)

    Excercises

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