Report Gen Bio2

Pogi Nanaman
Processes in Plant and

Animal: Gas Exchange
“Basic”
Si Eli<3
Animal Gas Exchange
• We will be studying the diversity of adaptations for

this process in one animal group:
• Fish :
MY AN OVERVIEW
• Cellular respiration - Requires O2 and produces

CO2 :
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
• Gas exchange - Provides a means of supplying an

organism with O2 and removing the CO2 glucose +
oxygen carbon dioxide + water.
THE SOURCE OF OXYGEN
Water
Air
• amount of oxygen varies but is
• about 21% oxygen
always much less than air
• thinner at higher altitudes
• even lower in warmer water
• harder to ventilate
GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES
❑ Gas Exchange - Is the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the
discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
❑ Can take place in air or water but diffusion is the only mechanism.
❑ Gases are dissolved in water, so respiratory surfaces must be moist.
❑ Respiratory surfaces are usually thin and have large areas as well as
adaptations to facilitate the exchange.
❑ Different organisms have different adaptations, based on their size, body
covering and habitat. May use gills, skin/body surfaces, lungs or a combination.
GAS EXCHANGE
GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES
Gases move by diffusion
Diffusion is greater when :
• The surface area is large

• The distance travelled is small
• The concentration gradient is high
Gas exchange also requires a moist surface
• O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water to diffuse across a
membrane
WATER AS A GAS EXCHANGE
MEDIUM
Oxygen is easier to obtain from air than from water :
• 𝑂2 content (volume) of air is higher than that of water
• 𝑂2 diffuses much faster through air
• Less 𝑂2 in warm water vs. cold water, less at high altitudes vs. sea level (both
air and water)
• Water is thicker and denser than air – requires more energy to move across gas
exchange surfaces
The gas exchange system must be very efficient to get enough oxygen for
respiration
Circulatory System
May operate in tandem with the gas exchange
system to maintain the concentration gradient.
Is used to transport blood through the body.

Some primitive animals use diffusion for the
exchange of water, nutrients, and gases.
However, complex organisms use the
circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients,
and waste through the body.
GETTING OXYGEN FROM WATER:
FISH GILLS
▪ Gills are outfoldings of the body surface, suspended in water
▪ Evaginations of the respiratory surface
- Large surface area
- Thin cuticle
▪ Used primarily for respiration in water
- External exposure helps increase circulation of medium across respiratory
surface
- Water supports weight of the gills without need for sctructural support
• Gills may be internal or external
External gills - Stick out Internal gills - Are the
of the animal structure formed from the
and exchange gases in outgrowth of pharynx inside
the body, consisting of gill slits,
the water without
which is used to increase the
protection. Axolotls are rate of diffusion of gases and
an example of an help in counter-current
amphibian with mechanism.
external gills.
Pritohon
Studyhon
FISH GILLS
• Gills covered by an operculum
(flap)
• Fish ventilates gills by alternately
opening and closing mouth and
operculum.
➢ Water flows into mouth.
➢ Over the gills.
➢ Out under the operculum.
• Water difficult to ventilate.
➢ Gills near surface of body.
FISH GILLS
• Each gill made by
four bony gill arches
• Gill arches lined
with hundreds of gill
filament that are very
thin and flat
FISH GILLS
• Gill filaments are
have folds called
lamellae that contain a
network of capillaries.
• Blood flows through
the blood capillaries in
the opposite direction
to the flow of water.
FISH GILLS
• Gill filaments - Have folds
called lamellae that contain
a network of capillaries.
• Blood flows - Through the blood
capillaries in the opposite
direction to the flow of water.
Filament - Provide oxygen to
their blood by taking oxygen
from the water.
FISH GILLS
Gill Rakers – They help keep
food from escaping through the
slits or damaging the gills, which
are the organs of gas exchange.
Gill Arch – They hold the gills in
place.
Lamellae - Are used to increase
the surface area in contact with
the environment to maximize gas
exchange.
GILL VENTILATION
Gills are ventilated by moving
gills through water, or by moving
water over gills. Its necessary for
supplying oxygen.
➢ Crayfish and lobster move
water over gills with appendages
➢ Mussels and clams move water
by cilia
➢ Squid/octopus pull in and eject
water through their gills
SUMMARY
• Gills have a very large surface area:
four arches with flat filaments with lamellae folds.
• Gills are thin-walled and in close contact with

water: short distance for diffusion.
• Gills have a very high blood supply to bring CO2

and carry away O2 dark red colour.
• Gills are moist: fish live in water!

• Countercureent flow : opposite direction maintains
a favourable concentration gradient for diffusion of
both gasses.
Matthew
John 3:16
19:26
Processes in Plant and

Animal: Gas Exchange
Part 2
Kaya pa?
Philippians Romans
4:13 15:13
Plant Gas Exchange
Plant are stationary, so energy

requirement is less the process of
respiration is lower as compared
to that of the animals.
In plant ,all parts like , root,
steam and leaf perform
respiration
• The process involve
exchange of carbon
dioxide and oxygen.
• The gases are exchanged

by the process of
diffusion.
• In leaves gases enter

through the stomata.
What is Stomata?
Stomata - Are tiny openings or

pores in plant tissue that allow for
gas exchange. Stomata are
typically found in plant leaves but
can also be found in some stems.
Specialized cells known as guard
cells surround stomata and
function to open and close
stomatal pores.
All part of Stomata
Epidermal Cell - The outer layer of cells which

helps to protect plants from the external
environment.
Vacuole - Optimize metabolic conditions in the

cytosol, and allow a plant to react to changing
environmental conditions.
Guard Cell - facilitating the exchange of gases,

water, and solutes within plants.
Stomatal Pore - Are pores on the surfaces of

leaves that function as bio-mechanical valves
which control gas exchange in plants
All part of Stomata
Chloroplast - These cells open and close tiny

pores allowing for the gas exchange needed for
photosynthesis.
Nucleus - Is to store and regulate DNA.
Subsidiary Cell - Introduce or enhance certain

morphologies,(such as sunken stomata) that
affect gas exchange.
Thickened inner walls - Opening stomatal

pore. Flaccid guard cells meet in the middle,
closing the stomatal pore. surrounded by air
spaces for easy diffusion of gases.
After the gases enter the leaf
intercullary gas exchange
takes place.
This accurs
in the air space between
the spongy mesophyll
• During respiration, plant make
use oxygen which is realesed
during the process of
photosynthesis
• A product of respiration is
carbon dioxide which is utilized
for photosynthesis.
• Thus photosynthesis and

respiration go on simultaneously
in a plant.
• Photosynthesis can only accur during sunlight hours, so it stop at
night. But respiration occurs throughout the day and night, providing
the plant with supply of energy.
• Thus at night, more CO2 is eliminated.
• Therefore it is advisable not to sleep under a tree at night.
Do you know… Like leaves the gas exchange also
occurs in stems and roots.
The Stem of woody plants contain

lenticels which are loosly packed cells
that permit exchange of gases.
In roots gas exchange occurs the across

the moist membranes of the root hair
and other epidermal cells.
Summary
• Leave are the specialized exchange surface
of plant.
• The amount of gas that is exchange with the
environtment depends on respiration and
photosynthesis.
• Large surface area of leaf aids exchange.
• Stomata control gas exchange and minimize
water loss.

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Pogi Nanaman

Processes in Plant and

• We will be studying the diversity of adaptations for

• Cellular respiration - Requires O2 and produces

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water

• Gas exchange - Provides a means of supplying an

Diffusion is greater when :

• The surface area is large

Is used to transport blood through the body.

• Gills are thin-walled and in close contact with

• Gills have a very high blood supply to bring CO2

• Gills are moist: fish live in water!

Processes in Plant and

Plant are stationary, so energy

• The gases are exchanged

• In leaves gases enter

Stomata - Are tiny openings or

Epidermal Cell - The outer layer of cells which

Vacuole - Optimize metabolic conditions in the

Guard Cell - facilitating the exchange of gases,

Stomatal Pore - Are pores on the surfaces of

Chloroplast - These cells open and close tiny

Nucleus - Is to store and regulate DNA.

Subsidiary Cell - Introduce or enhance certain

Thickened inner walls - Opening stomatal

• Thus photosynthesis and

The Stem of woody plants contain

In roots gas exchange occurs the across

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