6 - Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry
- Quantitative study of
substances and their
relationship to each
other in chemical
reactions.
- The “Math” of Chemistry

Stoichiometry
“stochio” = Greek for element
“metry” = measurement
 Stoichiometry is about measuring the

amounts of elements and compounds
involved in a reaction.
Stoichiometry
 It
is based on the law of conservation of
mass.
 The law states that matter is neither created

nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
 Meaning that the mass of the reactants
MUST equal the mass of the products.
Consider the chemical equation:

4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
1. THE MOLE
A Measurement of Matter
 the"counting unit" used by chemists to

indicate the number of atoms, ions,
molecules, or formula units present in a
particular chemical sample.
The Mole
 Similar to how a dozen = 12 things
 One mole = 602 billion trillion things

602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
 6.02 X 1023 (in scientific notation)

 6.02
X 1023 is called
Avogadro’s number (NA).
 Amedeo Avogadro
 (1776 – 1856)
 Mole is abbreviated mol

(n)
Avogadro’s number
1 mole K = 6.022 × 1023 particles = 39 grams,
therefore 1 mole K = 39 grams
1 mole He = 6.022 × 1023 particles = 4 grams

therefore 1 mole He = 4 grams
 Avogadro’s number of atoms is the same for

all elements.
The Mole
1 mole Al = 6.02 X 1023 “atoms”
1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 “molecules”
 Note:
 the NUMBER of particles is always the same, but
the MASS of each mole will be very different!
 This is because atoms have different atomic
masses.
mole = mass (grams)
molecular mass (g/mol)
1. How many moles are present in 34.2 g of Ca?
n =m = 34.2 g = 0.86 mol
MM 40 g/mol
2. How many moles are present in 69.7 g of Au?
 n = m__ = 69.7 g = 0.35 mol

 MM 197 g/mol

MOLE
1. How many moles are in 25 grams of
water?
2. How many moles are present in 34 grams

of Cu(OH)2?
3. A chemist has a jar containing 388.2 g of

iron filings. How many moles of iron does
the jar contain?
2. MOLAR MASS
 Molar Mass = Mass of 1 mole of
particles (in grams)
 Molarmass is defined as the mass in grams

of one mole of a substance.
 Theunits of molar mass are grams per mole,
abbreviated as g/mol.
2A. Molar Mass of an Element
 The molar mass of elements is found by
looking at the atomic mass of the element
on the periodic table.
1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 = 12 grams

therefore the
Molar mass of C = 12 g/mol
Learning Check!
Find the molar mass
1 mole of Br atoms = ________ g/mole
1 mole of Sn atoms = ________ g/mole

Learning Check!
A. Molar Mass of K2O = ________
B. Molar Mass of Al(OH)3 = ________

Learning Check
 Prozac,C17H18F3NO, is a widely used
antidepressant that inhibits uptake of serotonin by
the brain. Find molar mass.
 C: 12 g/mol x 17 =
 H: 1 g/mol x 18 =
 F: 19 g/mol x 3 =
 N: 14 g/mol x 1 =
 O: 16 g/mol x 1 =
Total = g/mol
EXERCISES
 Caffeine,the compound that basically
keeps Mrs. Mannion alive, has the
following formula: C8H10N4O2. What is the
molar mass of Caffeine?
 The artificial sweetener aspartame

(NutraSweet), C14H18N2O5, is used to sweeten
diet foods, coffee, and soft drinks. Find molar
mass of aspartame.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
How do you calculate the percent by
mass of an element in a compound?
3. PERCENT
COMPOSITION
- the percent by mass of each
element present in a compound.
Percent Composition
Ex: Calculate the percent composition of CO 2.

CO2 = 1 (12g) + 2 (16 g) = 44 g/mol)
12. g C x 100 = 27 % C
44g CO2
32 g O x 100 = 73 % O
44 g CO2 100%
Learning Check
What is the percent composition of lactic acid,
C3H6O3, a compound that appears in the blood
after vigorous activity?
Solution
STEP 1
3 (12) + 6 (1) + 3 (16) = 90 g/mol
STEP 2
%C = 36 g C x 100= 40% C
90 g
%H = 6 g H x 100 = 7% H
90 g
%O = 48 g O x 100 = 53% O
90 g 100%
Percent Composition
1. What is the percent CARBON in C5H8NO4
(the glutamic acid used to make MSG
monosodium glutamate), a compound used
to flavor foods and tenderize meats?
You Try
2. The chemical isoamyl
acetate C7H14O2 gives the
odor of pears. What is the
percent CARBON in
isoamyl acetate?
Percent Composition
3. In the lab, a chemist analyzed a sample of
methanol and found that it was made of 6.2g
of carbon, 4.1g of hydrogen and 15.9g of
oxygen. What is the percent composition of
each element?
4. EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Learning Check
A. What is the empirical formula for C 4H8?

1) C2H4 2) CH2 3) CH
B. What is the empirical formula for C 8H14?

1) C4H7 2) C6H12 3) C8H14
C. Which is a possible empirical formula for C 2H4O2?

1) CH2O 2) C2H2O 3) C3H6O3
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
1. A compound is found to contain 63.52 % iron
and 36.48% sulfur. Find its empirical formula.
2. The percent composition of a compound was

found to be 63.5% silver, 8.2% nitrogen and
28.3% oxygen. Determine the compound’s
empirical formula.
5. MOLECULAR FORMULA
Exercises
1. Determine the molecular formula of the
compound with an empirical formula of CH
and a molar mass of 78.110 g/mol.
2. A sample with a molar mass of 34.00 g/mol
is found to consist of 0.44g H and 6.92g O.
Find its molecular formula.
3. Determine the molecular formula of a
compound with an empirical formula of NH2
and a formula mass of 32.06 g/mol.
6. PERCENT YIELD
 The percentage yield is the ratio between
the actual yield and the theoretical yield
multiplied by 100%.
 Itindicates the percent of theoretical yield

that was obtained from the final product in
an experiment.
 ACTUAL YIELD
 The amount of product actually obtained in
a chemical reaction.
THEORETICAL YIELD
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the
amount of product that would be formed if
the reaction went to completion.
PERCENT YIELD
 Calculate the percent yield of a reaction that
had a theoretical yield of 3.76 g and an
actual yield of 1.45 g.
 If the actual yield of a reaction was 0.567 g,
and the theoretical yield was 0.750 g, what
was the percent yield of this reaction?
 Calculate the percent yield of a reaction that
produced 5.78 g NH4, if its theoretical yield
was 6.78 g.

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Stoichiometry

- The “Math” of Chemistry

 Stoichiometry is about measuring the

 The law states that matter is neither created

Consider the chemical equation:

 the"counting unit" used by chemists to

 One mole = 602 billion trillion things

 6.02 X 1023 (in scientific notation)

 Mole is abbreviated mol

1 mole He = 6.022 × 1023 particles = 4 grams

 Avogadro’s number of atoms is the same for

1 mole Al = 6.02 X 1023 “atoms”

1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 “molecules”

 n = m__ = 69.7 g = 0.35 mol

2. How many moles are present in 34 grams

3. A chemist has a jar containing 388.2 g of

 Molarmass is defined as the mass in grams

1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 = 12 grams

Find the molar mass

1 mole of Br atoms = ________ g/mole

1 mole of Sn atoms = ________ g/mole

B. Molar Mass of Al(OH)3 = ________

 The artificial sweetener aspartame

Ex: Calculate the percent composition of CO 2.

A. What is the empirical formula for C 4H8?

B. What is the empirical formula for C 8H14?

C. Which is a possible empirical formula for C 2H4O2?

2. The percent composition of a compound was

 Itindicates the percent of theoretical yield

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