PYTHON-PROGRAMMING

What is Python?
• Python is a general interpreted
purpose interactive object high level
oriented and programming
language.
• It was first introduced in 1991 by Guido van
Rossum , a Dutch computer programmer.
• The language places strong emphasis on code
reliability and simplicity so that the
programmers can develop applications rapidly

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• Python is multi-paradigm programming
language ,which allows user to code in several
different programming styles.
• Python supports cross platform development
and is available through open source.
• Python is widely used for scripting in Game
menu applications effectively.

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• Python can be easily integrated with C/C++
CORBA, ActiveX and Java.
• CPython is a python integrated with C/C++
language.
• Similarly JPython is a purely integrated
language where Java and Python code can
interchangeably use inline in the program.

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 Advantages of Python
• Most programs in Python require considerably
less number of lines of code to perform the
same task compared to other languages
like C .So less programming errors and
reduces the development time needed also.
• Though Perl is a powerful language ,it is
highly syntax oriented .Similarly C also.

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 Why to Learn Python
• There are large of high-
number
programming languages like level C
etc.But when compared to all these ,C++,Java
languages
Python has simplest Syntax, availability of
libraries and built-in modules.
• Python comes with an extensive collection of
third party resources that extend
the capabilities of the language.

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• Python can be used for large variety of tasks
like Desktop applications ,Data base
applications,network programming ,game
programming and even mobile development
also.
• Python is also a cross platform language which
means that the code written for one operating
system like Windows ,will work equally well
with Linux or MacOS without any changes to
the python code.

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 INSTALLING PYTHON ON YOUR PC
• To learn this language first ,you have to
download the software which is the Python
Interpreter.
• Presently the version in use is Python 3.x
But you can also use Python 2.x ,like
2.7..etc .This depends on your system and your
interest.
To download the Python interpreter go to the
site http://www.python.org/downloads and
click on the suitable icon.
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• The website appears as shown below.

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 contd..
• From the website you can download the suitable
version based on
• your OS (whether the OS is Windows ,MacOS or
Linux).
• And the Processor 32 bit or 64 bit.
• For ex: if you are using 64-bit Windows system ,you
are likely to download Windowsx86-64MSI Installer.
• So just click on the link and download and install the
Python Interpreter.

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 contd..
• This Python shell allows us to use Python
in interactive mode.
• The shell waits for a command from the
user
,executes it and returns the result.

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 IDLE
• IDLE is a graphical user interface for doing
Python development, and is a standard and
free part of the Python system.
• It is usually referred to as an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE).
• One can write the Python code or script using
the IDLE which is like an editor.This comes
along with Python bundle.

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The only thing to do is that we have to launch
the IDLE program .
• While the Python shell allows the user to work
in interactive mode, the Idle allows to write
the code and save it with .py extension. For
Ex: myProg_py.
• This file is known as Python script.

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• Once the program is saved ,it can be
executed either by clicking the Run module
or F5.
• If there are no errors you observe the results.

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• The Screenshot for IDLE will be as shown
below. The >>> is the prompt, telling you Idle
is waiting for you to type something.

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 Your First Program
• To develop the Python program ,click on
the File and select NewFile.
• This will open a new text editor where you
can write your first program.
• # Prints the words Hello Python
print(“Hello Python”)
print(“Its nice learning Python”)
print(“Python is easy to learn”)

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 contd..
• In the above program ,the lines appear after
the # sign are treated as comments. They are
ignored and not executed by Python
interpreter. This will help only to improve the
readability of the program.
• After typing the code save this program with
an extension .py .For Ex: FirstProg.py
• Now press either F5 or click on Run
module.

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 contd..
• After execution you find the output
as Hello Python
Its nice learning Python
Python is easy to
learn.

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 Variables and Operators
• Variables are the names given to data that we
need to store and manipulate in our
program.
• For example ,to store the age of the user ,we
can write a variable userAge and it is
defined as below.
userAge = 0 or userAge = 50
After we define userAge ,the program will
allocate some memory to store this data.
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• Afterwards this variable can be accessed
by referring its name userAge.
• Every time we declare a variable ,some initial
value must be given to it.
• We can also define multiple variables at a
time.
For ex: userAge, userName=30,’Peter’
This is same as
userAge=30
userName=‘Peter’
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• Some precautions: The user name can contain
any letters (lower case or upper case)
numbers or underscores(-) but the first
character shouldn’t be a number
• For Ex: userName,user_Name,user_Name2
etc.. Are valid.
• But 2user_name ,2userName ..are not valid

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• Variable names are case sensitive
.username and userNAME are not same.
• Normally two conventions are used in Python
to denote variables.
• Camel case notation or use underscores.
• Camel case is the practice of writing the
compound words with mixed casing.For
ex:”thisIsAvariableName”
• Another is to use underscores (-).
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• This separates the words.For example:
“user_Name_variable”
• In the above example userAge=30,the ‘=‘ sign
is known as Assignment Sign
• It means ,we are assigning the value on the
right side of the = sign to the variable on the
left.
• So the statements x=y and y=x have different
meanings in programming.
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 contd..
• For example ,open your IDLE editor and
type the following program.
x=5
y=10
x=y
print(“x
=“,x)
Print(‘y
=“,y)
Now save this program with .py
extension. For example myprog1.py
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• Run the program either by
clicking . Runmodule or F5
The output should be as below.
x=10
y=10
Here in the program you have assigned x=y in
the third line.So the value of x is changed
to10
while the value of y do not change .
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 contd..
• Suppose you change the third line from x=y to
y=x, mathematically x=y and y=x may be
same .But it is not same in programming.
• After changing ,you again save your program
and Run the module as done above.What is the
output you expect?
• Surprisingly x=5 ,y=5 will be the
output. are you convinced with the
output?
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 Basic Operators
• Python accepts all the basic operators like +
(addition),(subtraction),*(multiplication),/
(division),//(floor division),%(modulus) and
**(exponent).
• For example ,if x=
7,y=2 addition: x+y=9
subtraction:x-y=5
Multiplication:x*y=14
Division: x/y=3.5

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 contd
• Floor division: x // y=3(rounds off the answer
to the nearest whole number)
• Modulus: x%y= 1(Gives the remainder when
7 is divided by 2
• Exponent : x**y=49(7 to the power of 2)

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 Additional assignment Operators
• +=: x+= 2 is same as equal to x=x+2
• Similarly for subtraction:
x-=2 is same as x=x-2

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 Data Types
• Python accepts various data types like Integer,
Float and String.
• Integers are numbers with no decimal parts
like 2 ,-5 , 27 ,0 ,1375 etc..
• Float refers to a number that has decimal
parts.Ex: 1.2467 ; -0.7865 ; 125.876
• userHeight = 12.53
• userWeight = 65.872

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• String: string refers to text.Strings are defined
within single quotes.
• For Ex: Variable Name = ‘initialvalue’
• VariableName=“initial value”
• userName=‘peter’
• userSpouseName=“Mary”
• userAge =“35”
here “35” is a string

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• Multiple substrings can be combined by using

the concatenate sign(+)
• Ex:”Peter”+ “Lee” is equivalent to the string
“PeterLee”

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 Type Casting
• Type casting helps to convert from one data
type to another .i.e from integer to a string or
vice versa.
• There are three built in functions in Python
int() ; str() ; float()
• To change a float to an integer
type int(7.3256).The output is 7
• To change a string into integer
int(“4”).The output is 4

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• Ex: int(“RAM”) ----- returns syntax error
• Int(“3.7654”) -------returns syntax error
• The str() function converts an integer or a float
to a string.
• Ex: str(82.1) The output is “82.1”
• Ex: str(757) The output is “757”
• Ex: str(Ram) The output is “Ram”

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 LIST
• A List in Python is a collection data which are
normally related.
• Instead of storing a data as separate variables
,it can be stored as a LIST.
• For ex: to store the age of 4 users , instead of
storing them as user1Age,user2Age,user3Age
and user4Age we can create a List of this data.
• To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in C.
Difference between them is that all the items
belonging to a list can be of different data
ty
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• To declare a List:
ListName=[initial values]. Note ,always square
brackets[] are used to declare a List.
userAge =[20,42,23,25]
• A List can also be declared without assigning
any initial value to it.
• listName=[]. This is an empty list with
no items in it.

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• To add items to the List ,we use append().
• The individual items of the List are accessed
by their indexes.The index always starts from
0.
• For ex;
useAge=[20,25,35,45,65,55] here
userAge[0]= 20,userAge[2]=35.
• Similarly the index -1 denotes the
last item
• userAge[-1]=55 and userAge[-2]=65
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 SLICE
• To access a set of items in a List we use Slice.
• The notation used is x:y.
• Whenever we use slice notation inPython, the
item at the start index is always
included ,but the item at the end is always
excluded i.e y-1 is considered.
• For ex:userAge=[15,25,30,45,50.65.55]
the userAge[0:4] gives values from index 0
to 3 i.e 15,25,30,45
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 Add and Remove items
• To add items the append() function is useful.
• For ex :userAge.append(100) will add the
value 100 to the List at the end. Now the new
List is userAge=[15,25,30,45,50.65.55,100]
• To remove any value from the List we write
dellistName[index of item to be deleted]
• For ex: del userAge[2] will give a new List
userAge=[15,25,45,50,65,55,100]

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 Program
• # declare the list
myList[2,5,4,5,”Ram”]
• # to print the entire list
print(‘myList’)
• # to print the third item
print(myList[3])
The output is “Ram”
• # to print the last but one item
print(myList[-2])

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 Tuple
• Tuples are also a type of Lists.But the difference is
they can’t be modified.
• A tuple consists of a number of values separated by
commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed
within parentheses().
• The main differences between lists and tuples are:
• Lists are enclosed in brackets [ ] and their elements
and size can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in
parentheses ( ( ) ) and cannot be updated.
• Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.

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• Declaring a Tuple
tupleName=( ‘Raju',786 , 2.23, ‘cdef',70.2 )
monthsOfYear(“Jan”,”Feb”,”March”,”April”)
• monthsOfYear[0]=“Jan”
• monthsOfYear[-1]= “April”

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 contd..
• print tuple: # Prints complete list print
• tuple[0] : # Prints first element of the list
• print tuple[1:3]: # Prints elements
starting
• tuple[2:] : #from 2nd
Prints till 3rd print
elements starting
from 3rd element
• print tinytuple * 2 : # Prints list two times

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 Dictionary
• Dictionary is a collection of related
data PAIRS.
• The general Syntax is
dictionaryName={dictionarykey:data}
The same dictionary key should not be
used twice
• For Ex: to store the username and age of
4 users we can write
• myDictionary={“peter”:25,”Ram”:15,”Carl”:5
0,”Kundan”: 20}
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 contd…
• Dictionary can also be declared using “dict()”
method.
• userNameAndAge=dict(peter=25,Ram=20,Ca
rl
=30, Krish=“not available”)
• Here round brackets parenthesis) are used
instead of curly brackets.
• dictionaryName={ } denotes an empty
dictionary with no items init

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 Add items to Dictionary
• To add items to a dictionary the syntax
is dictionaryName[dictionarykey]=data.
To add “Sam”=40 to the dictionary ,
userNameAndAge[“Sam”]=40
• Now the dictionary will become
userNameAndAge=dict(peter=25,Ram=20,Car
l=30, Krish=“not available”,Sam=40)

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 contd..
• To delete or remove items from a
dictionary the syntax is
del dictionaryName[dictionarykey]
• Ex: To remove “Ram”:20 the syntax is
del usernameAndAge[‘’Ram”]
• Now the dictionary is
userNameAndAge={“peter”:25,”Carl”:30,
“Krish”:“not available”,”Sam”:40}

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 Declare Dictionary –Alternative way
• Dictionary can also be declared by alternative
method
• myDict={“one”:1.45,5.8:”TwopointFive”,3:”+”,4.5:2}
print(mydict)
The output is
{2.5:’TwopointFive’,3:’+’:4.5,4.5:2}

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 Condition Statements
• To change the flow of control ,normally we
use some conditional statements in a
program .The flow of the program is based on
whether the condition is met or not .
• The most common condition statement
is Comparison statement which is denoted
by (= =) sign.
• For ex: when you are writing a==b ,means you
are asking the program to check whether the
value of a is equals to that of b or not.
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 contd..
• The other comparison statements are
“not equals” (!=)
“smaller than”(<)
“greater
than”(>)
“greater than or equal to (>=)
Examples:8!= 4----Not equals
6>=2 ----Greater than or equal
to 7>2 ---Greater than
4<9 – Less than or equal to
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 Logical Operators
• There are three logical operators in Python
• And , or ,not
• The and operator returns True if all the
conditions are met ,else it will return False.
• The or operator returns true if atleast one
condition is met.Else it will return false.
• The not operator returns True if the condition
after the not keyword is false.Else it will return
False.
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 If statement
• It is one of the commonly used control flow
statements.
• It allows the program to evaluate if certain condition
is met. And to perform the appropriate action based
on the result of the evaluation
• For example , if condition 1 is met
do task A
elif condition 2 is met
do task B
elif stands for else if and we can have as many elif
statements as we like

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 Program
• Open your Idle and type the program
• userInput=input(“Enter 1 or
2”) if userInput == “1”:
print(“Hello Python”)
print(“how are you”)
elif userInput == “2”:
print(“python great”)
print(“I Love Python”)
else:
print(“ you entered
invalid number”)
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 For Loop
• The For Loop executes a block of code
repeatedly until the condition in the
for statement is no longer valid.
• In Python ,an iterable refers to anything that
can be looped over ,such as a string ,list or
Tuple.
• The syntax for looping through an iterable
is : for an iterable
print(a)

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 contd..
• Ex: pets =
[‘cats’,’dogs’,’rabbits’,’hamsters’] for
myPets in pets:
print(myPets)
In this program,first we declared the list pets
and give the members ‘cats’,’dogs’,’rabbits’ and
‘hamsters’.Next the statement for myPets: loops
through the pets list and assigns each member in
the list to the variable myPets.
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 contd..
• If we run the program ,the output will
be cats
dogs
rabbits
hamsters
• It is also possible to display the index of the members
in the List.For this the function enumerate() is
used.
•• Forprint(index,myPets)
index,myPets in enumerate(pets):

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 contd..
•The output is:
0 cats
1 dogs
2 rabbits
3 hamsters

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 Looping through a sequence of Numbers
• To loop through a sequence of numbers ,the
built-in range() function is used.
• The range() function generates a list
of numbers and has the syntax :
range(start,end,step).
• If start is not mentioned ,the numbers
generated will start from zero.
• Similarly if step is not given , alist of
consecutive numbers will be generated (i.e
step=1)
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 contd..
• For ex:
• Range(4) will generate the List[0,1,2,3,]
• Range(3,9) will generate a List[3,4,5,6,7,8]
• Range(4,10,2) will generate List[4,6,8]

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 Example
• To check the working of range function with for loop
type the following script on Idle.
• for i in range(5);
print(i)
The output will be:
0
1
2
3
4

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 While Loop
• A while loop repeatedly executes
instructions inside the loop while a certain
condition remains true.
• The syntax of a while loop is
while the condition is true
do the Task A
For Ex:
Counter= 5
While
counter > 0:
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 contd..
•

print(‘counter=‘,counter)
counter = counter-1
When you run the program the output will
be counter=5
counter=4

counter=3

counter=2
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 Break
• This will help to exit from the loop when a
certain condition is met.Here break is a
keyword in Python.
• Ex: j=0
for I in the range(5):
j=j+2
print(‘i=‘,i, ‘j=‘,j)
if j==6:
break

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 contd..
•The output of the above program will be:
i=0,j=2
i=1,j=4

i=2,j=6
without the break keyword ,the program
should loop from i=0 to i=4 because
the function range(5) is used.
Due to the keyword break ,the program
ends early at i=2.Because when i=2 ,j
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reaches the value 6 .
 Continue
• Continue is another important keyword for
Loops.
• When the keyword continue is used ,the
rest of
the loop after the keyword is skipped for that
iteration.
• Ex: j=0
for i in range (5):
j=j+2 print(‘\
ni=‘,I,j=‘,j) if
j==6:
continue
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 contd..
• Print(‘i will be skipped over if j=6’)
The output of the program is as
below:
i=0,j=2
I will be skipped over if j=6
i=1,j=4
I will be skipped over if j=6
i=2,j=6
i=3,j=8
i= 4,j=10
I will be
skipped
over if
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j=6
 Try,Except
• This control statement controls how the
program proceeds when an error occurs
The syntax is as below.
• Try:
do a Task
except
do
something
else when
an error
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 contd..
• For
Ex:
try:
answer = 50/0
print(answer)
except:
print(‘An
error
occurred’)
when we run the program,the message “An error
occurred” will be displayed because answer=50/0 in
the try block canot divide a num,ber by 0.So,the
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 Functions-Modules
• Functions are pre-written codes that perform
a dedicated task.
• For ex: the function sum() add the numbers.
• Some function require us to pass data in for
them to perform their task.These data are
known as parameters and we pass them to
the function by enclosing their values in
parenthesis() separated by commas.
• The print() function is used to display the text
on the screen.
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 contd..
• replace() is another function used for
manipulating the text strings.
• For Ex:
“helloworld”.replace(“world”,”Universe”)
here “world” and “universe” are the
parameters.The string before the Dot is the
string that will be affected.So,”hello world”
will be changed to “hello Universe”

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 Your own Functions
• Python has has flexibility to define your own
functions and can be used them in the
program.
• The syntax is:
def functionName(parameters):
code for what the function should do
return[expression]
The two keywords here are “def” and
“return”
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 contd..
• def tells the program that the indented code
from the next line onwards is part of the
function and return is the keyword that is
used to return an answer from the function.
• Once the function executes a
return statement ,it will exit.
• If your function need not return any value
you can write return or return None.

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 contd..
• Ex:def checkIfPrime(numberToCheck):
for x in range(2,numberToCheck):
if(numberToCheck%x==0);
return False
return True
The above function will check whether the
given number is a prime number or not.If
the number is not a prime number it will
return False otherwise return True.

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 Variable Scope
• An important concept to understand while
defining a function is the concept of variable
scope.
• Variables defined inside a function are treated
differently from variables defined outside.
• Any variable defined inside a function is only
accessible within the function and such
functions are known as local variables.
• Any variable declared outside a function is
known as global variable and it is accessible
anywhere in the program.
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 Importing Modules
• Python provides a large number of built-in
functions and these are saved in files
known as modules.
• To use the modules in our program ,first we
have to import them into our programs.
and this is done by using the keyword
import.
Ex: To import the module random we write
import random
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 contd..
• To use the randrange() function in the random
module we use
random.randrange(1,10).
This can also be written as
r.randrange(1,10).
• If we want to import more than one
functions we separate them with a comma
• To import the randrange() and randint()
functions we write from random
import randrange,randint.

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 Creating own Module
• Creating a module is simple and it can be done
by saving the file with a .py extension and put
it in the same folder as the python file that
you are going to import it from.
• Suppose you want to use the
checkIfPrime()function defined earlier in
another Python script.First save the
code above as prime.ph on your
desktop.

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 contd..
• The prime.py should have the following
code. def checkIfPrime(numberToCheck):
for x in range(2,numberToCheck):
if(numberToCheck%x==0):
return False
return True
Next create another python file and name
it useCheckIfPrime.py
This should have the following code
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 contd..
• Import prime
answer = prime.checkIfPrime(17)
print(answer)
• Now run useCheckIfPrime.py.
• You get the output as True
• Suppose you want to store prime.py and
useCheckIfPrime.py in different folders, you
have to give the python’s system path.

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 contd..
• Create a folder called ‘MyPythonModules’ in
the C drive to store prime.py.
• Add the following code to the top of
your useCheckIfPrime.py file.
(i.e before the import prime line)
• Import sys
if’C:\\MyPythonModules’not in sys.path:
sys.path.append(‘C:\\
MyPythonModules’)
here sys.path refers to python’s system path.
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 contd..
• The code above appends the folder’C:\
MyPythonModules’ to your system path.
• Now you can put prime.py in C:\
MyPythonModules and checkIfPrime.py in
any other folder of your choice.

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 Handling Files
• The basic type of a file is a text file.It consists
of multiple lines of text.To create a text file
type some lines of text like
“I am learning Python programming.
Python is an interesting
language” .
save this text file as myfile.txt on your desktop.
Next open Idle and type the code below.

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 contd..
• f=
open(‘myfile.txt’,’r’)
firstline=f.readline()
secondline=f.readline()
print(firstline)
print(secondline)
f.close()
desktop.
Save this code as
• To open a file we on
fileOperation.py can use open() function.
your

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 contd..
• The open function require two parameters:The
first one is the path to the file and the second
parameter is the mode.
• The commonly used modes are
• ‘r’mode: For reading only
• ‘w’mode: For writing only.
• ‘a’ mode: For appending .If the specified file
does not exist ,it will be created and if the file
exist ,any data written to the file is
automatically added at the end of the file.

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 contd..
• ‘r+’mode:For both reading and writing.
• After opening the file
firstline=f.readline() reads the firstline in the
file and assigns it to the variable firstline.
Each time the readline() function is called ,it
reads a new line from the file.
When you run the program the output will be
I am learning Python programming.
Python is an interesting language.
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 contd..
• In the output ,you can observe that a line
break is inserted after each line.
• Because the function readline() adds the ‘n\’
characters to the end of each line.
• If you don’t want the extra line between each
line of text ,you can wrte
print(firstline,end=‘’).This will remove the ‘n\’
characters
• f.close() function closes the file.One should
always close the file after reading is done.It will
freeup any system resources.
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 For Loop to Read Text Files
• For loop can also be used to read a text file.
• For ex: f =
open(‘myfile.txt’,’r’)
for line in f:
print(line,end=‘’)
The for loopf.close()
helps to read the text file line by
line.

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 Opening and reading Text files by Buffer size
• To avoid the too much usage of memory
we can use the read() function instead of
readline() function.
• Ex: msg=inputfile.read(10)
The program reads only the next 19 bytes
and keeps doing it until the entire file is
read.

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 Deleting and re-naming the Files
• remove() and rename() are the two important
functions available as modules which have to
be imported before they are used in a program.
• The remove() function deletes a file.the syntax
is remove(filename)
• Ex: remove(‘myfile.txt’)
• To rename a file the function rename() is used.
• The syntax is rename(old name,new name)
• rename(‘oldfile.txt,’newfile.txt’) will
rename oldfile.txt to newfile.txt
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 Simple Examples-1
• Python code to find the area of a triangle:
• First open Idle and type the code
• a = float(input(‘Enter first
side:’)) b= float(input(‘Enter first
side:’)) c= float(input(‘Enter first
side:’)) s=(a+b+c)/2
area=(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c))**0.5
print(‘The area of the triangle is
%0.2f’%area)
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 Simple Examples-2
• Python code to find Square root
num=float(input(‘Enter a number:’))
num_sqrt=num**0.5
print(‘The square root of %0.3f is % 0.3f
% (num,num_sqrt))
This program is saved with .py extension
and executed .the out will ask to enter a
number and on entering a number it gives the
squre root of the number.
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 Simple Examples-3
• Python code for factorial of a number
• Num= int(input(‘Enter a
number:’)) factorial = 1
if num < 0:
print(‘sorry ,factorial does not exist for
negative numbers’)
elif num == 0;
print(“The factorial of 0 is 1”)

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 contd..
• else for i in
range(1,num+1): factorial =
factorial*i
print(“The factorial of
“,num,”is”,factorial)
• Save the program with .py extension and
run module or press F5.
• The program will ask to enter a number
• After entering the number you get the output
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 Simple Examples-4
• Print all the Prime numbers in an Interval.
• Lower=int(input(‘Enter lower
range:’)) upper=int(input(‘Enter upper
range)) for num in
range(lower,upper+1):
if num>1:
for i in range(2,num):
if(num%i)==0:
break
else:
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p
 Simple Examples-5
• Code to swap two numbers
• x= input(‘Enter value of
x:’) y=input(‘Enter value of
y:’) temp = x
x=y
y= temp
print(‘The value of x after
swapping:
{ }’format(x))
print(‘The value of y after
swapping:
{ }’format(y)).
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Run the code and observe
 Simple Examples-6
• Solve a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0
• Import cmath # add complex math module
a= float(input(‘Enter a:’))
b= float(input(‘Enter
b:’)) c=
float(input(‘Enter c:’))
d= (b**2)-(4*a*c) //calculate
discriminant
sol1=(-b-cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)
sol2=(-b+cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)
print(‘The solutions are {0} and
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 Simple Examples-7
• To find ASCII value of a given characters
• # Take character from user
c = input("Enter a character: ")
print("The ASCII value of '" + c + "' is",ord(c))

Note: here ord(c) is a builtin function

available in Python to find the ASCII value
of a character

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 References
• Learn Python in One Day and Learn It Well -
Jamie Chan.
• Sams Teach Yourself Python Programming for
Raspberry.
• Programming Python, 5ht
Edition,O'Reilly Media.
• Python Cook Book O'Reilly Media.

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