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The Soil Arching is Insensitive to
By SATYA PRAKASH PRASAD 11CE64R16 GEOTECHNICALENGINEERING
OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ARCHING?? CURRENT STATE OF ART DEBATE ON
VALUE OF K
SENSITIVITY OF SOIL ARCHING TO CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Arching is a phenomenon that is seen in many
geotechnical and mining engineering applications.

In 1943, Terzaghi described arching action in soils as
"one of the most universal phenomena encountered in soils both in the field and in the laboratory.
WHAT IS ARCHING????
"Arching" derives from the Latin word archus ,as in
archery, for flight of an arrow.

It is describe as a transfer of forces b/w a yielding mass
of a geomaterial and adjoining stationary material.

Due to the frictional resistance provided by the vertical
or inclined walls, only a fraction of the self-weight of the backll material is transferred to the bottom, and the rest is transferred to the walls in the form of shear stresses.
CURRENT STATE OF ART

Marston (1930) proposed the rst analytical expression to compute
the average vertical normal stress within a granular backll in a long and narrow trench at depth z as
Where =tan()=friction co-eff. At wall-backfill interface = friction angle at wall-backfill interface
Terzaghi(1943) included cohesion into the
Marstons equation and proposed that
Marstons and Terzaghis expressions were developed for plane
strain situation, by considering the equilibrium of a innitesimal element of backll layer cut horizontally, and integrating over the height of the stope.
Pirapakaran and Sivakugan(2007)extended it to more general-
ized nonplane strain situations
The backll is placed within a right rectangular void of width B and length L
If the void is square or circular in plan
Handy(1985)used catenary arch of principle stresses to estimate the
vertical and horizontal stresses in a vertical walled trench
Debate On Value of K
Marstons work suggests K can be taken as the Rankines
active earth pressure coefficient Ka

Terzaghi proposed that K can be assumed to be equal to an
empirical constant at every point of the ll, and he reported that K can be up to 1.5. Most of the graphical results for explaining the arching effect was explained by Terzaghi considering K=1.
By Aubertin et. It was observed K=K0 is more appropriate
than other earth pressure coefficients
Continue
Handy and Spangler (2007) reported that rotation of the principal
stress directions near the wall increases K and will have the effect of increasing supporting friction, so the actual value is approximated by the earth pressure coefficient
For loose granular soil K0 = 1-sin For rough vertical wall(i.e =) then K=Kkrynine
Mobilization of wall friction causes an increase in horizontal stress and a decrease in vertical stress close to the wall due to rotation of principal stress directions, thus resulting in increase in K.
Sensitivity Of Soil Arching To

It is seen from the above developments:
The he fraction of the self-weight of the backll that is transferred to the bottom(arching) is a function of the geometry , and are K and =tan to find v at any depth.
Two main parameter appear in all expression above
Field conditions controlling the value of wall-backll interface friction angle
By the above fig range of is 0 to Depending on the eld application, can be taken as a
fraction of , and K can be taken as Ka, K0, or Kkrynine

For e.g: Mineelds surrounded by rock walls, the
fragmented rock wall is similar to what is shown in Fig. 1(c),
Fig. 2. Variation of K against for K=Ka (active earth pressure coefficient)
Fig. 3. Variation of K against for K=K0 (earth pressure coefficient at rest)
Fig.4. Variation of K against for K=Kkrynine
Table 1. Average Values of K
A closer look at the Marstons equation and its other improved forms Eqs. reveals that all these equations are insensitive to , irrespective of the assumption with regard to K and . And hence it is not necessary to precisely know the value of ,especially for routine design applications
CONCLUSIONS :- The general conclusions of the present study are summarized as follows:
1. The expressions for v within the backll in trenches ,
mining stopes , etc., involve the product of K and tan i.e.

2. The product K does not vary signicantly with
variation in of the backll, therefore, v within the backll at any depth is almost independent of in its practical range.
Continue
3. The average vertical stress within the backll at any depth depends on the assumed value of / and lateral earth pressure coefficient Ka, K0, or KKrynine . 4. Arching is almost insensitive to the of the backll. Therefore, it is not necessary to direct any effort toward determining the friction angle of the backll precisely. Rather, attention should be paid to the value of / and the appropriate expression for K.
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The Soil Arching is Insensitive to

By SATYA PRAKASH PRASAD 11CE64R16 GEOTECHNICALENGINEERING

SENSITIVITY OF SOIL ARCHING TO CONCLUSION

geotechnical and mining engineering applications.

archery, for flight of an arrow.

of a geomaterial and adjoining stationary material.

CURRENT STATE OF ART

Where =tan()=friction co-eff. At wall-backfill interface = friction angle at wall-backfill interface

Terzaghi(1943) included cohesion into the

Marstons equation and proposed that

Marstons and Terzaghis expressions were developed for plane

Pirapakaran and Sivakugan(2007)extended it to more general-

ized nonplane strain situations

If the void is square or circular in plan

Handy(1985)used catenary arch of principle stresses to estimate the

vertical and horizontal stresses in a vertical walled trench

active earth pressure coefficient Ka

than other earth pressure coefficients

Sensitivity Of Soil Arching To

Two main parameter appear in all expression above

Field conditions controlling the value of wall-backll interface friction angle

fraction of , and K can be taken as Ka, K0, or Kkrynine

fragmented rock wall is similar to what is shown in Fig. 1(c),

Fig. 2. Variation of K against for K=Ka (active earth pressure coefficient)

Fig. 3. Variation of K against for K=K0 (earth pressure coefficient at rest)

Fig.4. Variation of K against for K=Kkrynine

Table 1. Average Values of K

mining stopes , etc., involve the product of K and tan i.e.

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