Palstic Waste To Energey

Chemical engineering applications in waste treatment
From plastic waste pyrolysis to Fuel: Impact of process parameters and

material selection on hydrogen production
Prepared by:
Omar Bellahwel
444105912
Supervised by
Prof. Ahmed Al Fatesh
Content
• Introduction
• Catalytic pyrolysis with parameters Role
• Air gasification with parameters Role
• Catalytic steam reforming, with parameters Role
• Plasma catalytic processing with parameters Role
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 There is a great increase in energy demand these days because of

the
 rapid urbanization and growth of the population and economy
worldwide . Around 80% of global energy consumption is supplied
by
 fossil fuels, leading to a potential increase in greenhouse gases and
CO2
 emissions, causing harmful environmental impacts and climate
changes.
 In the last two decades, the idea of replacing fossil fuel energy with
a
 renewable transportation fuel with lower environmental impacts
has
INTRODUCTION
 converting waste plastics to valuable fuels such as hydrogen,

syngas, and high-value liquid fuels.
 Various approaches to converting plastic waste into new products
that enhance the sustainability of the environment were explored.
 So, in this presentation we are going to elaborate what the Effict of
this Approaches And the Parameters role.
• Catalytic pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the process of thermal

transformation of organic matter using a
catalyst with no oxygen
For instance, biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at or above 500
◦C, providing enough heat to break the strong bio-polymers.
Common and efficient catalysts used in pyrolysis include zeolites, such
as aluminosilicate crystalline solids, with complex pore structures.
The outcome of different types of catalysts on the constituents and mass

of pyrolysis outputs involving char residue, liquid, and gas on the
catalytic pyrolysis of assorted plastics involving PET, PS, PP, and HDPE
using a tubular pyrolysis reactor were
• Schematic of a pyrolysis process.
• pyrolysis process.
A series of metals modified were prepared by loading different

metallic compounds, including Zr, Ti, and Fe were then utilized for the
pyrolysis reaction. Among the tested catalysts, Fe-PILC gave the
highest oil yield of 79.3 wt% (mainly diesel) and a hydrogen yield of
47.7 vol%. Besides tha
catalysts: Ni/ZSM-5, Ni/y-zeolite, Ni/β-zeolite, and Ni/natural zeolite

(clinoptilolite) on the production of high-value gases, including
hydrogen and high-value liquid outputs from PET pyrolysis in a
horizontal tubular reactor between 600 and 900 ◦C using 10 wt% Ni-
based catalysts
Figure pyrolysis process.
displays that the

hydrogen content could
be raised with
increasing temperature
or using catalysts. For
example, the hydrogen
content is 4.0% at 600
◦C and increased to
14.1% at 900 ◦C
without a catalyst.
Pyrolysis-gasification
Gasification is a thermo-chemical process that can

convert any carbonaceous (carbon-based) raw
material, such as waste plastic, into synthesis gas.
The pyrolysis process thermally degrades waste in
the absence of air (and oxygen), while gasification
is a process in which materials are exposed to
some oxygen but not enough to allow combustion
to occur
Different metal
catalysts for carbon
nanotubes and H2
generation from the
pyrolysis-
gasification of LDPE
in a two-stage
reactor were
investigated
The first stage of
pyrolysis was
performed at 600 ◦C,
and the second level
of gasifying the
generated gases at
800 ◦C. Ni, Fe, Co,
and Cu supported on
alumina catalysts .
Results
(a). Hydrogen production

amount and the extent of
hydrogen produced as a
percentage of the yield
highest theoretical
increase with the increase in
reaction temperature, as
presented in B C
(a) depicts that when the
amount of plastic used as
feedstock increases, the
percentage of gases
increases and then starts to
be reduced because the
catalyst becomes
overloaded. Hydrogen
composition amount and the
extent of hydrogen
produced as a percentage of
the highest theoretical yield
decrease with the increase
in the feedstock used, as
shown in B ,C
The effects of metal particle sizes
The effects of metal particle sizes of Ni/SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 catalysts on the generation of
carbon nanotubes and H2 from catalytic gasification of waste PP were examined.
Results showed that a catalyst with a large

particle size was more effective in producing
hydrogen for the same metal-based catalyst.
Hydrogen production yield increased from
15.4 to 25.6 mmol g−
Pyrolysis-catalytic steam
reforming
The steam is used to reform hydrocarbons in the presence
of catalysts to syngas. For instance, tar (CxHyOz) and
volatile hydrocarbons (CmHn) are converted to CO and H2
demonstrates that increasing the
temperature of steam reforming
increased the carbon conversion into
gaseous products for both PS and PP.
For instance, the highest gas fraction
for PS was obtained at 630 ℃. As a
comparison, the steam reformer
temperature was lower than the
temperatures used in the
conventional Ni-catalyst process.
Pyrolysis-catalytic steam gasification
In catalytic steam gasification, steam is used as a

gasification agent, and the gasification process is
carried out in the presence of catalysts. Catalytic
steam gasification is the most promising technique
The technique has numerous advantages: it
increases the reaction rate of steam with biomass
and partakes in secondary reactions. It can
regulate tar levels and the subsequent gas
composition, producing a gaseous fuel For the
purpose of producing hydrogen from PP.
High catalytic activity toward
hydrogen production with low
coke formation was obtained by
Ni supported on alumina and
mixed alumina and magnesia
catalysts obtained via co-
precipitation. The potential of
hydrogen production was 53.1 wt
% for Ni-Al catalyst and 51.7 wt%
Ni-Mg-Al as shown
Results
Increasing the pyrolysis

and gasification
temperature positively
affects the hydrogen flow
rate, as shown in Fig.
shows that pyrolysis
provides a higher yield
for hydrogen at 800 ℃,
but the highest yield was
provided by gasification
at 900 ℃
Pyrolysis-plasma catalytic
processing
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, comprising
electrons, cations, anions, atoms, molecular
fragments, and radicals. The plasma system is
complex to have many species to cause chemical
reactions. A significant increase in the overall gas
production was achieved by plasma processing of
the hydrocarbon pyrolysis gases, while a more
subtle rise was produced by plasma catalysis. The
principal gases that were produced were H2, CO,
and CO2, and all of these gases were made to
increase under plasma and plasma-catalyst
settings
Steam gasification combined with steam reforming
Combining steam gasification and catalytic reforming biomass is a

versatile strategy to improve syngas quality and pollutant removal . Dou
et al. studied hydrogen generation via a FBG reaction system equipped
with a continuous SERP
. Hydrogen production, a high-purity hydrogen stream containing 88.4 vol
% of H2 (H2O and N2 free base) was created at temperatures of 818 ◦C
for the FBG and 706–583 ◦C for the SERP
Fluidized-bed gasification FBG

sorption-enhanced reaction processes SERp
Pyrolysis-gasification/reforming
In this process, enhanced production of hydrogen

from waste is targeted. Nickel-based catalysts have
commonly been employed for gasification.
Typically, two-stage reactors have been used,
where the waste is first pyrolyzed in an inert
atmosphere before being gasified or reformed
catalytically in a second stage employing catalysts.
Because each stage’s temperature can be easily
adjusted, catalyst produced a hydrogen yield of
18.14 mmol/g tire and high-quality multiwalled
carbon nanotubes
Overview
provides an overview of the major feedstock,

catalysts,, and hydrogen yield. This table has been
built considering works on plastic waste materials
for the production of hydrogen over the last recent
years.
| No. | Feedstock | Catalyst | H2 Yield (%) |

| 1 | PP, HDPE | Bimetallic LN0.5C0.5 | 219 |
| 2 | LDPE (40 wt% CoMo/MgO) | | > 90 |
| 3 | Mixture (PP, LDPE, HDPE) | W–Ni–Mg oxides | 155.8 |
| 4 | PP | ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 38) | 4.19 |
| 5 | PP | Ni-activated carbon | 134.91 |
| 6 | LDPE | Co-Mo/MgO | 81 |
| 7 | PP | Fe/Al 2O3 (Fe/Al = 2/1) | 62 |
| 8 | PP | Bimetallic FeNi (Ni/Fe) sol–gel | 25.14 |
conclusion
i) Plastic waste feedstock type affects hydrogen

yield, with PE and PP providing the highest
yield, followed by PET and polystyrene. HIPS
produces the greatest amount of hydrogen,
while WEEE plastic yields limited amounts.
(ii) Metal combinations in Ni-based catalysts,

particularly mixed oxides (Ni-Metal-Al), enhance
hydrogen production from mixed plastic waste
feedstock compared to conventional Ni-based
catalysts. Higher metal load and catalytic weight
promote hydrogen efficiency.
(iii)
. High catalytic gasification temperature up to
900 ◦C leads to increased hydrogen production
yield, while low temperatures result in high
concentrations of liquids and solid products.
Thanks

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Chemical engineering applications in waste treatment

From plastic waste pyrolysis to Fuel: Impact of process parameters and

 There is a great increase in energy demand these days because of

 converting waste plastics to valuable fuels such as hydrogen,

Pyrolysis is the process of thermal

The outcome of different types of catalysts on the constituents and mass

A series of metals modified were prepared by loading different

catalysts: Ni/ZSM-5, Ni/y-zeolite, Ni/β-zeolite, and Ni/natural zeolite

displays that the

Gasification is a thermo-chemical process that can

(a). Hydrogen production

Results showed that a catalyst with a large

In catalytic steam gasification, steam is used as a

Increasing the pyrolysis

Combining steam gasification and catalytic reforming biomass is a

Fluidized-bed gasification FBG

In this process, enhanced production of hydrogen

provides an overview of the major feedstock,

| No. | Feedstock | Catalyst | H2 Yield (%) |

i) Plastic waste feedstock type affects hydrogen

(ii) Metal combinations in Ni-based catalysts,

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