Prop Report

THERMAL
PROPERTIES
presented by: Dejos
Dela Torre
Delos Santos
Dolera
De Pena
CONTENT:
1. Thermal Conductivity
2. Specific Heat
3. Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
4. Enthalpy and Latent Heat
5. Thermal Diffusivity
6.Mass Diffusivity
THERMAL PROPERTIES
- refer to how materials respond to changes in temperature,
particularly in their ability to conduct, store, and resist heat
- It is crucial for understanding how materials behave in
environments exposed to fluctuating temperatures, crop
storage, and processing equipment
- Food materials often experience the movement of heat
around and through them in various forms and degrees
during growth, harvest, handling, processing, transport,
storage, and preparation for consumption.
- Thermal operations are also used to insure safe food products
for
extended periods.
Example:
Canned foods
Juice
THERMAL SPECIFIC HEAT THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
CONDUCTIVITY
the ability of a material - shows the amount of - Measures the ability

to conduct heat. heat required to of a material to
increase the conduct thermal
-thermal conductivity of temperature of unit energy energy
foods depends on mass of the relative to its ability
temperature, composition, substance by unit to store thermal
and porosity of material degree. energy.
- Specific heat can be - Thermal diffusivity can

determined by the be calculated indirectly
method of mixture, from the measured
method of guarded thermal conductivity,
plate, method of density, and specific
comparison calorimeter, heat. It can also be
adiabatic agricultural determined directly from
calorimeter, differential the solution of a on
scanning calorimeter,
and method of
calculated specific heat.
FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
We need a driving force to overcome a resistance in order to

transfer a property. For any kind of molecular transport
processes
(momentum, heat or thermal energy, and mass) the general
equation can be writen as follows:
Consider a wall of thickness X and surface area A. Imagine that the wall is
initially uniform at a temperature TO. At time t = 0, one side of the wall is
suddenly brought to a slightly higher temperature T1 and maintained at that
temperature. Heat is conducted through the wall as a result of the
temperature difference, and as time proceeds, the temperature profile in the
wall changes.
Finally, linear steady-state temperature distribution is achieved as shown in

Fig. 3.1
Driving force = T1-T0

The driving
(3.2) force for the heat transfer to occur is the temperature difference:
Figure 3.1 Steady-state heat transfer through the wall

- While the rate of heat conduction through the wall is proportional to the
heat transfer area (A), the thickness of the wall (X) provides resistance to
heat transfer.
- In addition, the ability of the wall material to conduct heat should be
considered. Each material has a different ability to conduct heat.
- The responses of steel and wood to heating are not the same when they are
exposed to the same amount of heat. This material property is named
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k)
Considering the all these parameters, the resistance to heat transfer can be
written as:
Resistance = X/kA
(3.3)
Figure 3.1 Steady-state heat transfer through the wall
HEAT FLUX = HEAT FLOW
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SOLUTION
• Importance - Influences heat transfer processes in agricultural
systems, including soil, plants, and food products.
• Significance in Agricultural Engineering
1. Heat Transfer in Soils - Effects on crop growth, irrigation, and soil
moisture retention.
2. Storage and Processing - Impacts on food preservation and
processing efficiency.
• Factors Affecting Thermal Conductivity
1. Material Properties - Composition, moisture content, density.
2.Temperature Dependence - How thermal conductivity varies with
temperature
SPECIFIC HEAT
• Specific heat is the amount of heat required to increase
the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by unit
degree. Therefore, its unit is J/kg K in the SI system.
• The specific heat depends on the nature of the process of
heat addition in terms of either a constant pressure
process or a constant volume process.
FORMULA FOR SPECIFIC HEAT
Choi and Okos (1986) suggested the following equation

for products containing n components:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Estimate the specific heat of potatoes containing
85% water.
cPwater = 4186.80 J/kg K
cPnonfats = 837.36 J/kg K
Solution:
cP = (0.85)(4186.8) + (0.15)(837.36)
= 3684.38 J/kg K
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the specific heat of wild rice grain at
20◦C with the approximate composition data
given in Table E.3.5.1.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Solution:
cPiwater= 4176.6 J/kgºC X
cPiCHO= 1585.7 J/kgºC X
cPiprotein = 2031.9 J/kgºC X0.141
cPifat= 2011.0 J/kgºC X = 0.007
cPiash = 1128.9 J/kgºC X
Using this formula:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
cP = (XcPiwater) + (X) + (X) + (XcPifat) + (XcPiash )
= (0.085)(4176.6)
+ (0.753)(1585.7) + (0.141)(2031.9) + (0.007)
(2011) + (0.014)(1128.9)
cP = 1865.4 J/kg◦ C
FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIFIC HEAT
1. Moisture Content
2. Composition
3. Temperature
METHODS OF DETERMINING
SPECIFIC HEAT
Guarded Plate Method Comparison calorimeter
METHODS OF DETERMINING SPECIFIC HEAT
Adiabatic Agricultural Calorimeter Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)

APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT
• Thermal Management in Engineering
• Heating Systems
• Food Processing
• Storage and Shelf-life
Enthalpy and Latent
Heat
What is Enthalpy?
Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic
system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the total content of
heat of a system, equivalent to the system’s internal energy plus
the product of volume and pressure.
Where;
H = Enthalpy
U = The sum of the internal energy
P = Pressure
V = Volume
A gas is heated in a container at constant pressure.
Initially, the gas has an internal energy of 500 kJ and is
heated until its internal energy increases to 800 kJ.
During the process, the gas does 150 kJ of work on the
surroundings. What is the change in enthalpy of the
gas?
Recall:
W =PΔ V
Δ H = ΔU + W
𝛥 𝑈=𝑈 𝑓 − 𝑈 𝑖=800 𝑘𝐽 −500 𝑘𝐽 =300 𝑘𝐽
ΔH = ΔU + W =300 kJ +150 kJ =450 kJ
The change in enthalpy of the gas is 450
kJ.
What is Latent Heat?
Latent Heat is energy absorbed or
released by a substance during a change
in its physical state (phase) that occurs
without changing its temperature.
Two main types of latent heat:
Latent Heat of Fusion - The heat required to

change a substance from solid to liquid .
Latent Heat of Vaporization - The heat required
to change a substance from liquid to gas .
Relation
Between
Enthalpy and
Latent Heat
=
=
Comparison of
enthalpy values
predicted for
codfish with the
experimental
values of Riedel
(1956)
Rao, M., Rizvi, S. S., & Datta, A. K. (2005).
Engineering Properties of Foods, third
edition. CRC Press.
Admin. (2023, May 23). What is Enthalpy? - Definition,
Endothermic & Exothermic Reaction. BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/what-is-enthalpy/#:~:text=E
nthalpy%20is%20the%20measurement%20of,content
%20on%20thermodynamics%20click%20here.
Referenc The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

(2024, October 3). Latent heat | Definition,
Examples, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
es
https://www.britannica.com/science/latent-
heat
https://faculty.uca.edu/saddison/
Thermal2003/
FirstLawEnthalpy.pdf#:~:text=Enthalpy%2C
%20H%2C%20is%20defined%20through%20H
%20%3D%20U%20%2B%20pV.%20This
%20expression%20is%20often,simply
%20related.
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
-is a well-known concept in the field of heat transfer,
playing pivotal role in determining how quickly heat
spreads through diff erent materials.
Crucial in detemining how materials react to changes

in temperature over time.
It is the measurement of heat transfer in a medium.

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
Thermal diff usivity is denoted by the letter D or α

(alpha).
SI unit of thermal diff usivity is m²/s.
The thermal diff usivity of a material is given by the

thermal conductivity divided by the product of its
density and specific heat capacity where the pressure
is held constant.
FORMUL A FOR THERMAL
DIFFUSIVITY
Α=K/ΡCP
Where,
k is the thermal conductivity (J/m K s).
cp is the specific heat capacity (J/kg K)
ρ is density, (Kg/m3)
Thermal diff usivity can be defined as the ratio of heat

that is let pass through the material to the heat per
unit volume that is stored in the material.
FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
·Density
·Thermal
conductivity
·Material
composition
·Temperature
D I F F U S I V I T Y I N V A R I O U S M AT E R I A L S
M E T H O D S O F D E T E R M I N I N G T H E R M A L
D I F F U S I V I T Y O F A M A T E R I A L
·Laser Flash Method

·Thermal Wave
Interferometry
·Infrared Thermography
·Laser Flash
Method
·Thermal Wave
Interferometry
·Infrared Thermography
T H E R M A L D I F F U S I V I T Y V S
T H E R M A L C O N D U C T I V I T Y
A copper rod has a thermal conductivity of
400 W/(m·K), density of 8,960 kg/m3, and
specific heat capacity of 385 J/(kg·K).
Calculate the thermal diffusivity of the
copper rod.
MASS DIFFUSIVITY
Mass diff usivity is the rate at which a substance diff uses
into another. Diff usion is crucial in various processes like
gas exchange, heat transfer, and chemical reactions.

MASS DIFFUSIVITY
Factors Aff ecting Diff usion Coeffi cient
• Temperature: Higher temperature increases
diff usion coeffi cient.
• Pressure: Pressure has minimal eff ect on diff usion
in gases but can aff ect liquids.
• Molecular Size and Shape: Smaller molecules
diff use faster than larger ones.
• Solvent Viscosity: Higher viscosity reduces
diff usion rate.
MASS DIFFUSIVITY
Applications of Mass Diff usivity
• Chemical Engineering: Mixing processes,
separation techniques (distillation, absorption).
• Biology: Oxygen transport in blood, nutrient
uptake by cells.
• Environmental Science: Pollutant dispersion, soil
contamination.
• Materials Science: Doping of semiconductors,
polymer processing.
MASS DIFFUSIVITY
Experimental Methods for Measuring Diff usion
• Steady-State Diff usion: Measuring concentration
gradients over time.
• Transient Diff usion: Analyzing concentration
changes in a finite system.
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Non-
destructive technique for measuring diff usion
coeffi cients.
REFERENCES
• Aaron - Qualified Tutor, B.A. in Maths. (2024). How can specific heat
capacity be used in real-life applications? | TutorChase. TutorChase.
https://www.tutorchase.com/answers/igcse/physics/how-can-specific-h
eat-capacity-be-used-in-real-life-applications
• Sahin, S., & Sumnu, S. G. (2006). Physical properties of foods. Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC.
https://kuliahpangan77.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/p
hysical-properties-of-foods-038730780x.pdf
• Associates, F. (2019, November 6). Applications of Adiabatic Calorimetry: Scale-Up of
Batch Reactions. Fauske.com; Fauske & Associates.
https://www.fauske.com/blog/safer-scale-up-of-batch-applications-of-adiabatic-
calorimetry
• ‌(2024). Aurigaresearch.com.
https://aurigaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/DSC-Differential-Scanning-
Calorimetry-Instrument-1024x681.jpg
REFERENCE
Admin. (2022, July 22). Thermal diffusivity - definition, formula, SI unit and thermal
diffusivity of various materials. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/thermal-diffusivity/
Votatera. (2024, May 27). Thermal diffusivity. Modern Physics Insights: Discover,
Understand, Innovate. https://modern-physics.org/thermal-diffusivity/
modern-physics.org

Prop Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prop Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prop Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THERMAL

the ability of a material - shows the amount of - Measures the ability

- Specific heat can be - Thermal diffusivity can

We need a driving force to overcome a resistance in order to

Finally, linear steady-state temperature distribution is achieved as shown in

Driving force = T1-T0

Figure 3.1 Steady-state heat transfer through the wall

Choi and Okos (1986) suggested the following equation

Using this formula:

cP = (XcPiwater) + (X) + (X) + (XcPifat) + (XcPiash )

Adiabatic Agricultural Calorimeter Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)

Two main types of latent heat:

Latent Heat of Fusion - The heat required to

Referenc The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Crucial in detemining how materials react to changes

It is the measurement of heat transfer in a medium.

Thermal diff usivity is denoted by the letter D or α

The thermal diff usivity of a material is given by the

Thermal diff usivity can be defined as the ratio of heat

·Laser Flash Method

Mass diff usivity is the rate at which a substance diff uses

into another. Diff usion is crucial in various processes like

gas exchange, heat transfer, and chemical reactions.

You might also like