SCS 209

CONCEPTS OF INTERNET

1
CONCEPTS OF INTERNET Cont…
• The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources.
You can think of the Internet as a physical collection of routers and
circuits as a set of shared resources.
• A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol. A
community of people who use and develop those networks.
Internet and its concepts:
• Internet is called the network of networks.
• It is a global communication system that links together thousands of
individual networks. In other words, internet is a collection of interlinked
computer networks, connected by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless
connections, etc.
2
Concepts of Internet technologies:
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES means technologies using one or more
computer networks that utilize TCP/IP, IP or other architecture or that
uses computer terminals, terminal servers, routers, multicasting
technology or other data processing or transmission device (regardless
of transmission speed experienced by the end user)

3
Features of Internet
• Accessibility. An Internet is a global service and accessible to all.
• Easy to Use.
• Interaction with Other Media.
• Low Cost.
• Extension of Existing IT Technology.
• Flexibility of Communication.
• Security.

4
Purpose of Internet:
The main purpose of the Internet is to provide global access to data
and communications.
Use of the Internet and networking is essential for advancing research
in science, medicine, engineering and design as well as in maintaining
global defense and surveillance.

5
Main uses of the Internet
Based on a recent survey of Internet traffic, the 10 most popular uses of the Internet in descending order of use are:
• Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and receive e-mail. Some 20 million e-mail
messages cross the Internet every week.
• Research.
• Downloading files.
• Discussion groups. These include public groups, such as those on Usenet, and the private mailing lists that ListServ
manages.
• Interactive games. Who hasn’t tried to hunt down at least one game?
• Education and self-improvement. On-line courses and workshops have found yet another outlet.
• Friendship and dating. You may be surprised at the number of electronic “personals” that you can find on the World
Wide Web.
• Electronic newspapers and magazines. This category includes late-breaking news, weather, and sports. We’re likely
to see this category leap to the top five in the next several years.
• Job-hunting. Classified ads are in abundance, but most are for technical positions.
• Shopping. It’s difficult to believe that this category even ranks. It appears that “cybermalls” are more for curious than
serious shoppers.
6
Cont…
The survey shows that individuals, corporations, business people, and
groups use Internet primarily as a communications vehicle as these
users reduce their use of fax machines, telephones, and the postal
service.
E-mail should remain at the top of the list. The Internet has continued
and will continue to change how we view the world.
— By Diane Myers, Analyst Communications, End Use, In-Stat,
Scottsdale, AZ. (602) 483-4442

7
Types of Internet Connections in
the US | 2022
By JonasPosted on May 11, 2021

8
Cont…
• Are you planning to get an internet plan for your home or office?
Before buying, you should understand the technology that goes behind.
• There are several ways of connecting a personal electronic device to the internet.
• With a wide range of connection speeds and hardware, internet connections
change as fast as the technology changes.
• Before connecting to the internet, you need to choose a certain hardware called
the Internet Service Provider, which a company owning dedicated computers is
enabling you to access internet by charging a minimal monthly cost.
• Here is a list of most common internet connections in the United States, so you can
do your homework before signing on the dotted line.

9
Types of Internet Connections
• Dial-Up
• Dial-up access is cheap and slow and its modem connects once the computer dials up a
number.
• This analog signal is born-again to be digital via the modem and sent over a land-line repaired
by a public phone network.
• Telephone lines are variable in quality and therefore the affiliation is poor at times.
The lines frequently experience interference and this affects the speed, anywhere from
28K to 56K.
• Since a laptop or different device shares a similar line as the telephone, they can’t be active
at the same time.
• Dial-up is by far the slowest internet connection. It is found in rural communities and remote
areas where it only requires the existing telephone lines but many ISP’s and other telephone
companies have discontinued this service because of evolution in technology.
10
Cont…
• DSL Connection
• DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line which is usually available at places where other
connections like cable or fiber cannot be found.
DSL aims at running the internet connection through the phone lines.
• This connection is always on and uses 2 lines on the phone when the computer is connected.
With the use of a router, it can change its data transportation and rage of connection
depending on the service offered ranging between 128K to 8 Mbps.
• On one hand where dial-up connection can be interrupted because of a call, you do not have
to worry about getting a call with the DSL connection.
• It is mostly used in rural communities because of its reliability and affordability.
• The speed as compared to other connections with an average download from 3 to 50 Mbps,
lags behind but is also a cheaper alternative to satellite internet.

11
Cont…
• Cable Internet
• Cable connection provides the internet through a modem which operates over cable TV
lines.
With a range of speeds depending on the uploading and downloading data
transmissions, it provides a greater bandwidth over dial-up or DSL and faster access as
well.
• The speed of cable connection ranges from 512K to 20 Mbps.
• Full of home phone services and TV packages, it uses the same coaxial as the TV cable. It
also has a convenient process of wiring job where a technician will visit your residence if
it’s not working.
• As compared to other internet connections, it is a faster and a more stable connection
but it’s uncommon to use by businesses because they lack coaxial connections at their
workplace.
12
Cont…
Wireless Networks

13
Cont…
• Wireless or Wi-Fi connection works without the use of telephone lines or cables to
connect to the internet.
Instead, it makes use of radio frequency and can be accessed from anywhere.
• It is really a common network around the United States and can be found growing in
coverage areas every minute.
The speed ranges from 5 Mbps to 20 Mbps.
• They work without wires and offer high-speed internet, for example, mobile broadband
or data connections such as 3G, 4G etc, which are commonly offered by mobile
companies.
• The connection speeds are as high as 1 Gbit and if you are in a remote location, this
might the best option available to you.
• It is important to ensure that you get the strongest signal with proper antenna
placement with a clear view of the sky.
• If there are obstacles such as trees, buildings or hills in between, it can distort your
connection.
14
Cont…
• Satellite Connection
• As one of the most widely accepted internet connections, it does not rely on ground-laid
infrastructure like cables, cellular towers or line-of-sight antenna connections.
• It works through the connection with satellites orbiting overhead.
• If you have a clear view of the sky, the connection will be better so it is better to get the connection
on the terrace or ground facing upwards.
• It is also best suited for rural areas with bad weather conditions and obstructions which are not in
your control.
• The speed ranges from 12 to 100 Mbps, which makes it perfect for smaller households where people
wish to stream, play games or upload files online.
• This service is a bit on the expensive side, because it reaches areas where is does not have to
compete with other technologies.
• Because of the enormous distance between the signals from earth to satellite, it provides a delayed
connection compared to cable and DSL.
15
Cont…
• Fiber Optics
• As the name suggests, fiber connection reaches your home through fiber
optic cable using the pulses of light along with the thin strands called fibers of
glass or plastic which transmit data.
• It is the fastest traditional internet connection with download speed of 2
Gigabits which is almost enough to download a two-hour movie in HD in less
than a minute.
• It is much faster as compared to cable connection because of the fiber-optics.
• With the internet traffic travelling along copper cables resulting in distortion
and slower speeds, fiber optic cables help in reducing distortion, making it
much faster.
• The disadvantage of this network is that is it quite expensive and it is not
available everywhere.

16
Conclusion
With a high-speed internet connection, one can stimulate economic growth and
attract new employers and jobs and residents in the area.
With all the options available to you, it is important to understand the
difference between all these cellular technologies before you sign up for one.
What are 10 Advantages of internet?
What are the advantages of the Internet?
• Information, knowledge, and learning.
• Connectivity, communication, and sharing.
• Address, mapping, and contact information.
• Banking, bills, and shopping.
• Selling and making money.
• Collaboration, work from home, and access to a global workforce.
• Donations and funding.
• Entertainment.
17
Advantages of the Internet
• The Internet is one of the greatest creations and provides people with
instant access to an endless supply of knowledge and entertainment.
Below is a complete list of all of the advantages of the Internet.
• Information, knowledge, and learning
• As mentioned earlier, the Internet contains an endless supply of
knowledge and information that lets you learn about almost any topic
or question you may have. Using a search engine like Google, you can
ask virtually any question and find a web page with an answer to and
information about that question. There are also millions of videos on
sites like YouTube explaining various topics, and even online courses
to help teach you about many different subjects.

18
Cont…
Connectivity, communication, and sharing

19
Cont…
• In the past, it would take days and sometimes even months to receive
a letter from someone else. Today, with the Internet, you can send an
e-mail to anyone in the world and often have it delivered in less than
a minute. Other forms of communication, such as chat and VOIP, also
allow you to have instant communication with anyone in the world.
• Online forums are also places where people who share common
interests can connect and talk about what they enjoy, or ask
questions of other experts in the field.

20
Cont…
Address, mapping, and contact information
With the help of GPS technology, the Internet helps map and direct you
to almost every place in the world.
You can quickly route to your location or find businesses in your area
that may sell or provide you with a service you need.
Today's search engines are also smart enough to know your location
and help give you the most relevant searches for your area.
For example, if you need a plumber and search for "plumber," you'll get
a list of local plumbers in your area.

21
Cont…
Banking, bills, and shopping
• The Internet provides access to your bank account to view the balance,
make transactions, and send money.
Also, many services enable you to view and pay bills electronically.
• Online shopping is another huge advantage of the Internet, giving people
the ability to find products of interest and buy them without having to visit
a store.
The Internet provides easy access to compare prices between
companies, and even see what others think about a product through online
reviews to help make better purchasing decisions.

22
Cont…
Selling and making money

23
Cont…
• If you are a business or want to sell products and services, the Internet is a perfect
place to sell most goods.
• Because anyone in the world with Internet access can find your website, you have
access to more potential customers than you ever could with a local retail store.
• The Internet is always on and always available, which means you have the
potential of selling goods every day at all times.
• The Internet also gives businesses the ability to advertise their product or service
to everyone in the world or specify an exact demographic they want to reach.
• There are other ways someone can make money online by performing other
online services.

24
Cont…
Collaboration, work from home, and access to a global workforce
• The Internet is the perfect place to work with other people from around the world. Several online
services help you work with people around the world, and with an almost instant communication,
it can even make producing new products and services faster.
• An Internet connection provides many people with the ability to work from home or have a virtual
office.
• Today, many businesses allow their employees to work from home using their computers and
Internet connection.
• Working from home can save people money by not having to pay for child care, and save them
money and time by eliminating the daily commute to and from work every day.
• If you are a business that needs employees, many services online can give you access to people
looking for a job all around the world.
• Being able to hire someone from another part of the country or world gives you access to a wider
talent pool and may also be cheaper.
25
Cont…
Donations and funding
• With access to a much wider audience, anyone with an Internet
connection can quickly donate to their favorite charity or help fund
projects and ideas that interest them.
• Also, those looking for charity can find many online services that help
make it easier to help donate or support their causes.

26
Cont…
Entertainment
• The Internet gives everyone access to an endless supply of
entertainment, with access to watch videos, watch movies, listen to
music, and even play games

27
Cont…
Internet of Things
• The Internet helps make devices in your home connected and smarter
by giving them access to the Internet.
• For example, the Nest thermostat can connects to the Internet to help
control the heating and cooling in your home.
• Also, once these devices are connected, they can be controlled
remotely using your computer or smartphone.
By connecting IoT (Internet of Things) devices to your home, it can
become smarter and more efficient and help save energy, money, and
time.
28
Cont…
Cloud computing and cloud storage

29
Cont…
• The Internet connects your computers and Internet-enabled devices
to cloud services, like cloud computing and cloud storage.
• With cloud computing, a device can have access to more powerful
computers and even supercomputers to perform complex tasks while
you or your business work on other tasks.
• Cloud storage synchronizes data across any of your Internet-
connected devices, so you have access to your files from anywhere.
• It makes backing up information easier, and safer — your data is
securely stored in a professionally-maintained server.
• So, if you are using a cloud storage backup service and your home or
office burned down, you would not lose all your valuable data.

30
What are the disadvantages of the Internet?
Trolls, bullying, and stalkers
Trolls

31
Cont…
• Anyone who has spent time on the Internet has encountered trolls or
abusive people.
• With the anonymous nature of the Internet, it's easier for people to
be mean because they feel they won't face the repercussions.

32
Cont…
Cyberbullying
Another growing issue, especially with kids in school, is cyberbullying.
Because it's easier to be anonymous on the Internet, a person may
bully others who are also online.

33
Cont…
Stalking
With people sharing more information about themselves and their
families on the Internet, it can be easier for stalkers to find personal
information.

34
Cont…
Pornographic and violent images
• In our digital age, there's a nearly an infinite amount of content on the Internet.
While there are amazing resources, such as Wikipedia, less desirable content also exists.
Consequently, users can accidentally come across violent or pornographic images that they
may not want to view.
Addiction, time-waster, and causes distractions
• Surfing and playing games on the Internet can quickly become very addictive.
Doing so can lead to spending a lot of frivolous time on the Internet instead of doing
something productive. On this same note, the Internet can hamper workplace productivity as
well.
Tip
• See our computer addiction page for further information about and help with computer
addiction.
35
Cont…
Never being able to disconnect from work
• The Internet is great for giving its users the ability to work from
anywhere.
However, you may be expected to be available to work at any
time of the day, even if you had not previously agreed to be
available.
• For example, you may be at home and get a notification of an
important work-related e-mail and end up working without getting
paid.

36
Cont…

Crime, identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating

37
Cont…
• With access to billions of computers, computer hackers and malicious
users can hack accounts and steal personal information that could be
used for identity theft.
• The Internet also connects all computers, so hackers can scan millions
of computers and quickly identify what computers are vulnerable to
attack.
• Hidden places also exist on the Internet and the deep web for
criminals to conduct business without as much fear of being caught.
• A global audience also gives criminals more ways to solicit their
goods.
• The Internet also enables students to cheat on their studies or find
others on the Internet to do their homework.
38
Cont…
Spam and advertising

39
Cont…
• It's great that the Internet allows access to a much wider audience
than traditional advertising methods (e.g., newspaper, TV, and radio).
• However, because digital advertising can be sent on a massive scale,
you might see more spam in your inbox than junk mail in real life.

40
Cont…
Affects focus and patience
• The sites we use on the Internet every day have an "instant
gratification" effect.
• They also present an endless menu of things to think about and
experience at any moment, on-demand.
• Getting information this way rewards fast-paced thinking that shifts
focus quickly, which affects your interactions in general, making you
more impatient and less focused on your activities.
• Try to balance this natural effect with time away from social media and
focused on more productive real-life activities like exercise or cleaning.
41
Cont…
Depression, loneliness, and social isolation
• Social networking sites can also lead to depression as many people
tend to compare their lives with others.
• For example, if your social network friends have vacation pictures,
you may get the false impression that everyone but you is going on
vacation.
• The Internet and online games can be very addictive and time-
consuming, and spending too much time with your virtual friends may
take away from your real-life friends.

42
Cont…
Health issues and obesity

43
Cont…
• As with watching TV, spending too much time on the computer,
surfing the Internet, or playing games can also lead to obesity and an
unhealthy lifestyle.
• A computer also requires a lot of repetitive movement can lead to
carpal tunnel syndrome.
• For example, moving your hand from your keyboard to a mouse and
typing are all repetitive actions, which can cause injuries.
• Taking breaks, keeping the proper posture, and understanding
computer ergonomics can all help delay or prevent these injuries.

44
Cont…
Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and personalized content
• The Internet has new information added every second, and it would be impossible for anyone to
keep up-to-date with the latest news and information.
• So, companies have developed algorithms that help sort and give you information they feel you'd
find most helpful or interesting.
• Unfortunately, because these algorithms show you personalized information, they create an
artificial bubble that can be hard to escape.
• These bubbles can also be amplified when participating in social networks.
• If your social circles of family and friends all share similar content from their bubbles, your social
circle can become an echo chamber of everyone sharing the same thoughts.
• While it's easier to find interesting information and news by existing in an online bubble, you're also
not introduced to opposing views and new concepts.
• It's also believed by many experts that these bubbles make people more polarized because they
only see news tailored to them that's often more sensationalized to help get more visitors.
45
Cont…
Fake news
• In the past, a person would need to create a website to post information online.
• Because of the difficulty and cost involved, not many people posted information
online.
• Today, with blogs and social network sites, it's possible for anyone with an
Internet connection to post their thoughts online with little or no cost.
• Some people and even some governments take advantage of how easy it is to
create sites that spread lies or other fake news.
• Buying things you don't need
• The Internet reduces the barriers for consumers to make purchases, so users may
find themselves purchasing products without putting much thought into whether
they should.
• Also, for some people, buying items on the Internet can become so addictive that
it causes serious debt.
46
Web - How it Works
• On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of the following
components −
• Your personal computer − This is the PC at which you sit to see the web.
• A Web browser − A software installed on your PC which helps you to
browse the Web.
• An internet connection − This is provided by an ISP and connects you to
the internet to reach to any Website.
• A Web server − This is the computer on which a website is hosted.
• Routers & Switches − They are the combination of software and hardware
who take your request and pass to appropriate Web server.
• The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client
and the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers.
47
Cont…
• How the Web Works
• When you enter something like Google.com the request goes to one of many special computers
on the Internet known as Domain Name Servers (DNS).
All these requests are routed through various routers and switches.
• The domain name servers keep tables of machine names and their IP addresses, so when you
type in Google.com it gets translated into a number, which identifies the computers that serve
the Google Website to you.
• When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the activity by requesting a
page using your browser.
• The browser asks a domain name server to translate the domain name you requested into an IP
address.
The browser then sends a request to that server for the page you want, using a standard
called Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP.
• The server should constantly be connected to the Internet, ready to serve pages to visitors.
• When it receives a request, it looks for the requested document and returns it to the Web
browser.
48
Cont…
• When a request is made, the server usually logs the client's IP address, the
document requested, and the date and time it was requested.
This information varies server to server.
• An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than
one file from the Web server and not just the HTML / XHTML page, but also any
images, style sheets, and other resources used in the web page.
• Each of these files including the main page needs a URL to identify each item.
• Then each item is sent by the Web server to the Web browser and Web
browser collects all this information and displays them in the form of Web
page.

49
Cont…
In Short
• We have seen how a Web client - server interaction happens. We can summarize these
steps as follows −
• A user enters a URL into a browser (for example, Google.com. This request is passed to a
domain name server.
• The domain name server returns an IP address for the server that hosts the Website (for
example, 68.178.157.132).
• The browser requests the page from the Web server using the IP address specified by the
domain name server.
• The Web server returns the page to the IP address specified by the browser requesting
the page.
• The page may also contain links to other files on the same server, such as images, which
the browser will also request.
• The browser collects all the information and displays to your computer in the form of
Web page.
50
Cont…
Web - Browser Types
• Web Browsers are software installed on your PC.
To access the Web, you need a web browser, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft
Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
• Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are navigating through our
site tutorialspoint.com.
On the Web, when you navigate through pages of information, this is commonly known
as web browsing or web surfing.
• There are four leading web browsers − Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, and Safari, but there are
many others browsers available.
You might be interested in knowing Complete Browser Statistics. Now we will see these
browsers in bit more detail.
• While developing a site, we should try to make it compatible to as many browsers as possible.
Especially sites should be compatible to major browsers like Explorer, Firefox,
Chrome, Netscape, Opera, and Safari.
51
Cont…
Internet Explorer

52
Cont…
• Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This
is the most commonly used browser in the universe.
This was introduced in 1995 along with Windows 95 launch and
it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

53
Cont…
Google Chrome

54
Cont…
• This web browser is developed by Google and its beta version was
first released on September 2, 2008 for Microsoft Windows.
Today, chrome is known to be one of the most popular web
browser with its global share of more than 50%.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

55
Cont…
Mozilla Firefox

56
Cont…
• Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004
and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the
Internet.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

57
Cont…
Safari

58
Cont…
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac OS
X.
It was first released as a public beta in January 2003.
Safari has very good support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2
etc.

59
Cont…
Opera

60
Cont…
• Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full-
featured.
Fast, user-friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple windows,
zoom functions, and more.
Java and non-Java-enabled versions available. Ideal for
newcomers to the Internet, school children, handicap and as a front-
end for CD-ROM and kiosks.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

61
Cont…
Conqueror

62
Cont…
• Konqueror is an Open Source web browser with HTML 4.01
compliance, supporting Java applets, JavaScript, CSS 1, CSS 2.1, as well
as Netscape plugins.
This works as a file manager as well as it supports basic file
management on local UNIX filesystems, from simple cut/copy and
paste operations to advanced remote and local network file
browsing.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

63
Cont…
Lynx

64
Cont…
• Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web browser for users on UNIX,
VMS, and other platforms running cursor-addressable, character-cell
terminals or emulators.
• You can download a latest version of this browser

65
Web - Server Types
• Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server.
• This server is always connected to the internet.
• Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address made up of a series
of four numbers between 0 and 255 separated by periods.
For example, 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127.
• When you register a web address, also known as a domain name, such as tutorialspoint.com
you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will host the site.
• You can load up with Dedicated Servers that can support your web-based operations.
• There are four leading web servers − Apache, IIS, lighttpd and Jagsaw. Now we will see these
servers in bit more detail.
• Apart from these Web Servers, there are other Web Servers also available in the market but
they are very expensive.
Major ones are Netscape's iPlanet, Bea's Web Logic and IBM's WebSphere.
66
Cont…
Apache HTTP Server
• This is the most popular web server in the world developed by the Apache
Software Foundation.
Apache web server is an open source software and can be installed on
almost all operating systems including Linux, UNIX, Windows, FreeBSD,
Mac OS X and more.
About 60% of the web server machines run the Apache Web Server.
• You can have Apache with tomcat module to have JSP and J2EE related
support.
• You can have detailed information about this server at Apache HTTP Server

67
Internet Information Services

68
Cont…
Lighttpd

69
Cont…
•The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server that is
distributed with the FreeBSD operating system.
This open source web server is fast, secure and consumes much
less CPU power.
Lighttpd can also run on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and
Solaris operating systems.
• You can have detailed information about this server at lighttpd

70
Cont…
Sun Java System Web Server

71
Cont…
• This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for medium and
large websites.
Though the server is free it is not open source. It however, runs
on Windows, Linux and UNIX platforms.
The Sun Java System web server supports various languages,
scripts and technologies required for Web 2.0 such as JSP, Java
Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby on Rails, ASP and Coldfusion etc.
• You can have detailed information about this server at Sun Java
System Web Server

72
Cont…
Jigsaw Server

73
Cont…
Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium.
It is open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux,
UNIX, Windows, Mac OS X Free BSD etc.
Jigsaw has been written in Java and can run CGI scripts and PHP
programs.

74
Web - Site Advantages
• If you are constructing a Website, then we hope you are aware of its advantages as well.
Here, in this chapter, we have listed out a few major advantages of keeping a website.
Business is Open 24x7
• This means that once you put your business onsite, then your business is open 7 days a
week and 365 days a year.
• Even if you are in different locations of the world then you will be able to serve your
customers on 24x7 hours basis.
Increased Customer Base
• Because anyone in the world can see your website so you will gain customers from other
states and countries while you are putting in the same amount of effort and money.
Tremendous Cost Saving
• This is one of the biggest advantages of having a business online.
• You do not need to keep a big man power and lot of resources to maintain a business on
site. There are many other cost saving opportunities while keeping business online.

75
Cont…
• Think of how many cards you mail out to let customers know about your sale.
• All of that can be eliminated by putting the sale information on your website
and inviting your customers to visit it.
Advertising Opportunities
• Apart from saving your advertising cost, you have additional opportunities to
run advertisements from other companies and start making money.
• If you ever advertised in a local newspaper, you know the costs.
• You are being charged per line, per inch, and per color.
• On the Web, there is no limit to how much you can put. So whenever there is
a new product or service, then you can advertise it in a better way.
76
Cont…
Creates a Brand Image
• Internet is a great medium through which you can create any image of yourself which you want. It is
all in your hands.
• For example, you can design a professional website, add helpful content, and your company will
immediately take a step up in the image it represents.
• No matter how small your business is, with the right tools and a great desire you can make it look like
a corporation on the Web.
Customer Satisfaction
• If you have a really good site online, then you can give your customers a lot of satisfaction in terms of
customer care.
• You can keep online help, FAQ, and other important information which is useful for your customers.
• You can create online forums for open discussion and you can conduct customer survey to take
customer feedback etc.

77
Cont…
Showcase Your Work
• Whether you are a real estate agent, construction business owner or
a beauty salon specialist − you can put your work on display when you
have a website.
• Anytime a potential client wants to see your past work and projects,
simply refer him or her to your site.
• No need to scan and mail pictures, or bring your client to a finished
building project.

78
Web - Skills Required
• If you are planning to maintain a Website, then you would require a
specific set of skills.
• This skillset can be endless because today, there are numerous
technologies available and many are coming every day.
• So you have to plan and affirm on any one of the available
technologies and go ahead for your project.
• This is not required that you should have knowledge of all the listed
skills.
• If you want to develop a simple Website, then you would needs just
first four skills listed here.
Rest of the skills are required if you want to go for a bigger and
more interactive Website.
79
Cont…
Computer Operations − All you need to know is how to operate a computer − Windows, Linux or
Macintosh.
• This depends on which Web Server you want to host your website. So you should have basic
knowledge of that system only.
• You should be well acquainted of basic operations like creating file, deleting file, updating file,
directory creation, file permission etc.
Remote Access − Most of the times your Web Server will be accessed from remote site only.
• You should be well aware how to connect a computer from remote site.
• So at least you should have basic knowledge of telnet utility to connect to a remote machine.
• There are many service providers who will provide you control panel to manage your Website.
File Uploading & Downloading − As I told you most of the times your Web Server will be on remote
site.
• So you would need to upload and download all the files related to your Website. So at least you
should have basic knowledge of FTP utility to connect to a remote machine and download or
upload your files.
• Almost service providers give you facility to upload your files on your Web server.
80
Cont…
• HTML / XHTML Knowledge − These are the markup languages which you will use to build your website. So
you should have good understanding on these languages. You can refer our tutorial to learn HTML / XHTML
• CSS Knowledge − Cascading Style Sheet knowledge is required to achieve many results which are not possible
through HTML or XHTML.
• PHP Script − Now-a-days many sites are being developed using PHP language. This script helps you to create
an interactive Website. You can refer our tutorial to learn PHP Script
• PERL Script − PERL is another language which is being highly used to develop interactive Web Applications. So
if you are planning to use PERL to develop your Website, then you can refer our tutorial to learn PERL Script
• Java or VB Scripts − These scripts are required to perform user level validations and to add more interactivity
in your Website. So a web developer is desired to have knowledge of any of the client side scripts.
• AJAX Technology − This is the latest technology in the web. Google and Yahoo are using this technology to
give a better browsing experience to their site visitors. You can refer our tutorial to learn AJAX Technology
• ASP or JSP − These are another technologies to be used to develop interactive Websites.
• Flash Knowledge − You can plan to use Macromedia Flash to build your Website. This is a bit time consuming
to learn this technology but once you learnt then you can develop very beautiful and attractive websites
using Flash.
• HTTP Protocol − As you grow you are desired to have more knowledge about Web. So I would suggest you to
go through the web backbone i.e. HTTP protocol as well. You can refer our tutorial to learn HTTP Protocol

81
Web - Tools Required
• As a basic necessity, you need a good internet connection from a
reliable service provider which provides decent connectivity and
speed.
• Evaluate vendors based on their services and support before
selecting. Here due diligence plays a major part.
• The following tools and infrastructure will help you in developing a
Website −

82
Cont…
 Computer Machine − If you do not have computer available and you received this tutorial
printed on a paper then I would say that first of all you would need a computer machine running
either Windows or Linux or UNIX or Macintosh system or any other operating system.
 Internet Connection − If you are not connected to the internet and you received this tutorial
printed on a paper then I would say that this is second and another most important tool would
need to connect to the Internet and to you Web Server where you will host your website.
• For this purpose you can buy either a dial up connection or broadband connection of high speed
connectivity based on your requirement and budget.
 A Web Server − Apart from basic Internet connectivity you will need one Web Server to keep all
the files related to your Website. So you would need to buy space on a Web Server. There are
millions of ISPs who are in business of selling web space at competitive prices. We will give
more detail on this in Web Hosting Concepts chapter.
• A Text Editor − This is another most important tool which you will need to develop your Website.

83
Cont…
• If you are using Windows then you can use notepad as a text editor, or if you are using Linux/Unix
then vi editor is one of my favorite editors.
• You will need this editor to write your HTML, PHP or ASP pages or for any other editing purpose. For
practice purpose, you can use our Online HTML Editor
• A Web Browser − You will need this tool to see the result of your HTML file. So you should have either
Internet Explorer or Firefox etc. installed on your computer.
• Web Authoring Tools − If you don't want to use a simple Text Editor to edit your HTML files then
there are many commercial Web Authoring Tools available.
• These tools are also called HTML editors. Microsoft's FrontPage and Macromedia Dreamweaver are
both a visual HTML (WYSIWYG) and HTML source code editor. These editors’ helps you to develop
your HTML pages vary rapidly.
• Secure telnet client − If you are connecting to your Web server directly then you can use a tool called
PuTTY. This is what I'm using while connecting to my web server.
• Secure FTP client − If you are connecting to your Web server directly using FTP client to upload or
download your web files then you can use a tool called PSFTP.
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. Simply put, after you design your website, you need to send it to
the Web and your FTP program will do just that for you. This is what I'm using while connecting to my
web server.
84
Web - Domain Names
• A domain name is the part of your Internet address that comes after "www".
For example, in Tutorialspoint.com the domain name is tutorialspoint.com.
• A domain name becomes your Business Address so care should be taken to select a
domain name.
Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type.
• How to Get a Domain Name?
• When you plan to put a site online, this is one of the important steps to buy a domain
name.
This is always not necessary that whatever domain name you are looking that is
available so in that case you will have to opt for any other good domain name.
• When you buy a domain name it is registered and when domain names are registered they
are added to a large domain name register, and information about your site − including
your Internet IP address is stored on a DNS server and your contact information etc. is
registered with your registrar.
• You can buy domain name from any domain registrar like GoDaddy
85
Cont…
Domain Extension Types
There are many types of domain extensions you can choose for your domain name. This depends on your
business nature.
For example, if you are going to register a domain name for education purpose then you can choose .edu
extension.
Below is a reference of the correct usage of certain extensions. But there is no hard and fast rule to go for any
extension. Most commonly used is .com
• .com − Stands for company/commercial, but it can be used for any website.
• .net − Stands for network and is usually used for a network of sites.
• .org − Stands for organization and is supposed to be for non-profit bodies.
• .us, .in − They are based on your country names so that you can go for country specific domain extensions
• .biz − A newer extension on the Internet and can be used to indicate that this site is purely related to business.
• .info − Stands for information. This domain name extension can be very useful, and as a new comer it's doing
well.
• .tv − Stands for Television and are more appropriate for TV channel sites.
• Newer domain extensions such as .biz .info and .us etc. have more name choices available as many of the
popular domains have yet to be taken and most of them are available at very nominal prices.

86
Cont…
• Choosing a Domain Name
• The domain name will be your business address. Hence, it is imperative that you choose the domain name with
utmost care.
• Many people think it is important to have keywords in a domain.
Keywords in the domain name are usually important, but it usually can be done while keeping the domain
name short, memorable, and free of hyphens.
• Using keywords in your domain name gives you a strong competitive advantage over your competitors.
Having your keywords in your domain name can increase click through rates on search engine listings and paid
ads as well as make it easier to using your keywords in get keyword rich descriptive inbound links.
• Avoid buying long and confusing domain names.
Many people separate the words in their domain names using dashes or hyphen. In the past the domain name
itself was a significant ranking factor but now with advanced search engines, it is not a significant factor anymore.
• Keep two to three words in your domain name − it will be more memorable.
• Some of the most memorable websites do a great job of branding by creating their own words.
Examples include eBay, Yahoo!, Expedia, Slashdot, Fark, Wikipedia, Google...
• You should be able to say it over the telephone once and the other person should know how to spell it and they
should know what you sell.
• If you can do that AND work keywords in there, good for you, If you can't, skip the keywords.

87
Cont…
What are Sub-Domains?
• You can divide your domain into many sub domains based on your requirement.
• If you are doing multiple business using the same domain, then it would be useful to have sub-
domains for every business.
• Following are examples of some sub-domains −
You must have seen google.com as a main domain but google has created many subdomains based on
their business. Some of them are as follows −
• adwords.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Adwords.
• groups.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Groups.
• images.google.com − This sub domain is being used for Google Images.
This way, you can present your different business sections in a very good segregated way. It is
not a big thing to create a sub-domains.
If you already have registered a domain, then your registrar will provide you a way to c reate
sub-domains. You may need to talk to your registrar for more detail.
88
Web - Site Construction
• Now you are ready for a website construction. Before proceeding further, you have to take many factors into
consideration.
• I cannot list out each and everything but I have described the major factors in this tutorial which will help you to
have a better website −

What to Put on Your Website:

• What you would have on your website totally depends on your business and the nature of your website. Here is a
list of pages that you might want to create for your website.
• Attractive Home Page: Always required for every website.
• List of Product and Services along with complete detail.
• Complete Pricing Information.
• About your company and nature of business including your achievements.
• About your staff and if possible their experience.
• Your complete contact information.
• Frequently Asked Questions.
• Success Stories and Feedback from Customers.
• Finally, make your site useful and interesting for your customers. Your site visitors are your customers and they
should find each and everything they are looking for. Customer satisfaction should be your prime concern.

89
Cont…
How to Design Your Website?
• You should not simply start developing your website, otherwise you
will end up with a bogus website. First, you should put a complete
plan and your design on a paper or in an electronic document.
• In this section, we have listed out a few points which can help you to
design a better website −
• Consider what technology you are going to use to develop your
website. Adopt one which gives you better flexibility and rapid
development opportunities and then design it accordingly.
• Design a generic framework so that in future you can enhance and
modify your website by putting minimal effort.

90
Cont…
• Design a site to keep required performance in mind. If you are designing database
driven website then lot of effort has to put to design good database schemas.
• Keep your design as simple as possible so that any new developer should become
familiar with your design as soon as possible.
• Identify repeatable components of your website and then keep them separate and try
to use them wherever possible.
• Identify the nature and qualification of your site visitors and give importance to look
and feel accordingly.
• Think from the perspective of a site visitor. If you were a visitor, then how would you
like to see this website? If the same site belongs to somebody else, then would you
like to spend some time on such site?
• You should create a search engine friendly website.
• Once again....your presentation should be unique and attractive, otherwise there are a
lot of websites available on the Internet and it will be difficult for you to retain a site
visitor for more than a minute.
91
Cont…
How to Make a Website Interactive?
Many statistics show that if you are able to retain your site visitors for a long time, then they do bigger shopping and visit the site
again and again.
So make sure you have done something for your site visitors to do on your website. Offering a lot of quality information can serve as a
great magnet for visitors.
Here is a list of some interactive tools that you can add to your website without any programming skills or incurring any costs −
• Poll
• Forum
• Guest book
• Chat room
• Greeting cards
• Tell-a-friend about this site
• Feedback form
• Live customer service
• Daily joke or daily cartoon
• Daily news headlines
• Site Search Engine
• Mailing List
• Automated Frequently Asked Questions
• The list can go on and on, depending on what will attract your type of visitors.
92
Cont…
• How to Code Your Website?
• Finally, when you start coding for your website, you should be well aware of the following tips for a better
website −
• Your site should meet all the quality requirements defined by W3C. Today we are using XHTML to develop
any website. XHTML is just a cleaner version of HTML.
• You should keep validating your source code using W3C Validator.
• Do use appropriate comments but avoid using to many comments inside HTML files.
• Keep your style sheets and JAVA or VB scripts into separate files and then include them where ever is
required.
• Do not use too much graphics in your web pages.
• Try to keep your web pages static instead of generating them dynamically.
• Make sure there is no broken link on any web page.
• Test your developed web page in major browsers like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Mozilla, Netscape, etc.
• Test your all the scripts for all the possible scenarios. Do not host any page without complete testing.

93
Cont…
How to Create a Search Engine Friendly Website?
• It is very important to make your website search friendly, otherwise you will be
away from a large chunk of your customer base which comes from search
engines like google and yahoo.
• This subject is so important that we have put a complete tutorial on Search
Engine Optimization and I will strongly recommend you to go through this
tutorial before you start developing your website.
Securing Your Source Code Frequently
• While developing your website, it is very important to keep a backup of your
complete source code. Many times, you might accidentally delete a file.
• If you have a backup, then you can restore previous files and start doing your
work.
• It is a good practice to take backup on an hourly basis or at least on a daily basis.
Keep this backup on a different machine or media.
94
Web - Hosting Concepts
• Web hosting deals with putting the contents of your website on a
Web server.
Hosting your website on your own server could be an option.
• But this will become very much expensive unless you are hosting a
site like yahoo.com or google.com.
So this tutorials does not cover how to set up your own hosting
server.
• Buying a server space or renting a complete server from an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) is the most widely used option.
• This section guides you to choose a hosting type and makes you
aware of other related concepts.

95
Cont…
• Hosting Platforms
• You can go for any of the following two most widely used hosting
platforms −
• Windows Hosting Servers − If you are a Windows lover then you will find
many hosting servers running different flavors of Windows and you can
buy space from these servers.
Normally Windows hosting servers are more expensive because
of lot of software licensing costs are involved with these servers.
• Linux Hosting Servers − If you want to go for Linux then opportunities are
unlimited and they will have to pay less then what you will pay for
Windows Hosting Server.
There are many ISP who provides Hosting Servers with different
flavors of UNIX.
96
Cont…
Hosting Types
• There are many options available and you can select any hosting type based on your
requirement and budget.

Following are most widely used hosting types −

Free Hosting
• Yes, this is true there are many service providers who will give you free space on their web
server with a condition that you will allow them to run their advertisement at your web pages.
• So if you are OK with this option, then you have nothing to pay for a space. There are some
websites like geocities.com, lycos.com, myspace.com, etc. that give you space to build your
web pages.

97
Cont…

• Hosting Types
• There are many options available and you can select any hosting type based
on your requirement and budget.
Following are most widely used hosting types −

• Free Hosting
• Yes, this is true there are many service providers who will give you free space
on their web server with a condition that you will allow them to run their
advertisement at your web pages.
• So if you are OK with this option, then you have nothing to pay for a space.
There are some websites like geocities.com, lycos.com, myspace.com, etc.
that give you space to build your web pages.
98
Cont…
Shared Hosting
• With shared hosting, your website is hosted on a powerful server along
with other websites.
• On a shared host, you will have your own user ID and password to login
to the shared host and you will be allowed to work in your work area.
• You would not be able to touch any file or directory belonging to other
host partner.
Even you would not know how many sites are hosted on your
shared host.
• This type of hosting is very cost effective and good for small websites
where your space and speed are not very important.
• Here traffic on one site will affect the speed of all other hosted sites.
99
Cont…

• Virtual Dedicated Hosting

• This type of hosting is better for medium size business.
• With virtual dedicated hosting, you will have a dedicated bandwidth and
dedicated RAM for your site.
You will be given a root ID and password to maintain your Web
server.
• You will be the complete owner of your virtual dedicated server and will
be able to install or de-install any software.
• This type of hosting is created on a single server, but it is managed in
such a way that every user will have dedicated speed and bandwidth.
• This is bit more expensive but really good one for medium size business.
100
Cont…
• Dedicated Hosting
• This type of hosting is very similar to virtual dedicated hosting, but here, a
complete machine will be allotted for you.
• They are more expensive than virtual dedicated hosting and should be
considered when you have a very high traffic requirement.
• Collocated Hosting
• It is very difficult to set dedicated resources such as high-security against
fire and vandalism, regulated backup power, dedicated Internet connections
and more.
• Collocation is the option which allows you to put your machine in a service
provider's premises to avail all the available facilities.
• This is also a very expensive option and should be opted when you have
very high traffic requirement.
101
Cont…
Hosting Components
• When you buy a Web server space, then you should be clear about the follows. You should do a
price comparison between different service providers based on the following components −
Disc Space
• A small or medium website will require between 10 and 100MB of disk space.
• If you plan to keep a lot of audio and video on your website, then you need plan to buy more
space.
• Before buying server space, you should check the options available to expand your disc space if
you need it in future.
Monthly Traffic
• A small or medium website will need between 1GB and 10GB of data transfer on a monthly basis.
• If you plan to keep a lot of audio and video on your website, then you need a plan with more data
transfer capacity.
• Check different options based on your requirements. What are the other options available in case
you cross the given data transfer limit.
• Your site should not be stopped in case you exceed given limit.
102
Cont…
Processing Speed
• If you are buying space on a shared machine, then you cannot guess how much speed will be
given to you.
• In that case, only way is to see other hosted sites with the same service provider to know
about their hosting quality.
• But if you are buying virtual dedicated server or dedicated server, then you should consider
how much RAM is being allocated to you. Your pricing will depend on the given processing
power to you.
Connection Speed
• Nowadays, most service providers allow very fast connection speed. So choose a service
provider who is giving better connection speed in terms of bits per second. You can have a
connection speed ranging from 64Kb per second to 2.488 GB per second.
Email Accounts
• Make sure you are going to get sufficient number of e-mail accounts.
• There are many other options available which come along with your e-mail account. Like, will
you get IMAP, POP and E-mail Forwarding options available along with your e-mail facilities?
103
Cont…
Emailing Support
• Apart from having email accounts, it is also very important that your web server should have a
facility to send emails from back-end.
• In case your site visitors want to contact to you using a form, then you will be able to use that
emailing facility to send emails to your designated account.
• In simple terms, you should make sure that the SMTP Server is setup and working on your Web
server.
Latest Technologies
• You should make sure that your web server is equipped with all the latest technologies. It should
have the latest version support for PHP, PERL, ASP and JAVA, etc.
Databases
• There are many databases available MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc. You should choose your server
based on your database requirement.
• If you are buying space on a shared server, then you need to verify how much space will be
allocated for your database.
• Many ISPs do not give more than a limited space for databases. If your site needs a lot of database
size, then you should go for a virtual dedicated server.
104
Cont…
Server Uptime
• It is important that you buy a web server from a reliable and reputed ISP.
• You should make sure your ISP is giving you 99.99% server uptime.
• If the is server down, then there are many service providers who gives you compensation in case your sites goes
down more than a limited number of time.
Backup & FTP
• Make sure your Service Provider is giving you more ways of taking regular backup of your website.
• If your site is changing every day, then it becomes very important that you should take regular backup of your
website. Many service providers do it on your behalf by charging a small cost for this service.
Control Panel
• Just make sure what type of facilities you will get to maintain your hosting account.
• Check if your service provider is providing you an easy-to-use Control Panel or some other similar tool.
• Using a Control Panel, you should be able to maintain basic operations related to your website such as logging
your service request, your reboot request, or any other problem.
Customer Support
• Before finalizing a deal with your service provider, you should make sure they provide you the required support.
• You can get this information using Internet forums or from your friends. There are many service providers who
give you 24x7 support for any technical or non-technical problem.

105
Web - Ecommerce Hosting
• Ecommerce is a way of doing business through Internet.
• You are doing ecommerce, especially when you are selling your products or
services through Internet.
• If you planning to put a website which will have transactions such as buying or
selling items or services, then it means you are going to setup an ecommerce
website.
• If this is the case, then I don't think this guide will help you up to a level where
should be able to setup an ecommerce site because there are many more things
which should be considered while setting up an ecommerce website.
• Still you can start from here − E-commerce hosting is a bit expensive, but they
are not as expensive that you cannot start an ecommerce website.
• Nowadays, it is very easy to set up an ecommerce site.
• All that one needs to do is to get in touch with any good service provider and
start gathering basic information.
106
Cont…
There are many service providers who help you set up your virtual store and charge you unexpectedly very low. Google has also
started google account service in which you can sell your products.
While finalizing your ecommerce hosting setup, you should be very clear on how to handle the following −
• Customer Registrations
• Customer Transactions
• Product Catalogs
• Customer Orders
• Order Security
• Server Security
• Server Maintenance
• Server Backup
• Server downtime
• Inventory Control
• Shipment Methods
• Payment Methods
• Foreign currency
• Credit Cards
• Taxes issues
You should take this list and discuss it with your service provider as well to understand how they will support you to handle all
these items.
107
Web - Site Backup
Your server's hard drive crashed. Your site is hacked and the hacker deleted all your
files. Your web host disappeared with your money and your data.
Even worse, there was and earth quack and your ISP building is gone down and
everything is lost.
Touch Wood!!! Nobody should face such a situation. But if you are not prepared for
these situations, your hard work might be lost forever.
That is why it is of the utmost importance that you keep regular backups of your data.
Now there are many questions −
• How frequently backup should be taken?
• Where this backup should be preserved?
• What type of backup should be taken?
• Who should take these backup?
• Now let us answer these questions one by one −
108
Cont…
How Frequently Backup should be taken?
• If your site is not changing over a period of time, then it is advisable to
take backups only once and keep it on your hard disc or data disc or DVD
wherever you like. In case you need to restore it, just do it and see if
your website is up and running.
• But if you are in the habit of making frequent modifications on your site,
then it is necessary that you take regular backup. Websites like
amazon.com have very tight backup schedules and very expensive
backup infrastructure.
• It depends on your business and you have to see how much data loss
you can bear. If you think it is not affordable to lose even a single day’s
data, then I would recommend to schedule daily backup and similarly,
you can decide if weekly or monthly backup are OK for you or not.
109
Cont…
Where the Backup should be preserved?
• Most of the times, backups are taken from one machine and saved on another machine or
media.
If possible, you should arrange a different backup server where you can FTP your
complete data to be backup up.
If this is not too much then you can keep it in data CD or DVD etc.
• If possible, keep multiple copies of backup but with a managed way to avoid any confusion.
You should have a proper version control over different backups.
There are many service providers who provide you different backup servers with a very
nominal cost and it is recommended that you spend that amount on backup services.
What Type of Backup Should be taken?
• There are two types of backup − incremental and full. It depends on what type of backup
tools you are using.
There are many backup tools − for example, Oracle provides its own utilities to take
different types of backup.

110
Cont…
Incremental Backup − The backup’s controller compares the existing backup with the data that you wish to
backup.
If there is an exact match between the two, then no additional files will be backed up.
However, if you have added or edited any file, these files will be updated in the backup, thus the name
incremental.
Full Backup − Here all files are written to the backup, even if they already exist in the most current backup.
Who Should Take These Backup?
• The simplest case is that you can login to your web server on a monthly or weekly basis and copy all the
website related files on different computer or media.
It works only in case you have limited amount of data on your site.
• If you have a huge database and numerous files, then it is difficult to manage such backups on an
everyday and weekly basis.
In such cases, you may need to have automated scripts to take backup and keep them at another
machine or media.
• You can write your shell script or perl script and browse through different directories and collect all the
files and zip them automatically, assign them a unique backup number and then ftp those files on a
designated backup server or media like tap drive.

111
Conclusion
It is up to you to decide how you want to take your backup. If you are a
website owner, then you must take regular backup without failure. Else,
it might lead to serious consequences.

END
Thank You

112