OTHER HARBOR

STRUCTURES CE 626 ADVANCED TOPICS IN CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

REPORTER: ENGR. JAY-AR C. ECHAVARIA MSCE

 CONTENT

01 02 03 04
Intro Water Port & Agencies
Transportation Harbors

05 06 07 08
Functions of Major Port in Ports Under CASE STUDY
PPA the Country Construction
in the
Philippines
 INTRO
• Tra ns port infras tructure is one of the key
elem ents in a chieving a balanced grow th w ithin
a n econom y. It fa cilita tes econom ic
developm ent and convergence, ea ses econom ic
dis pa rities , and fosters territorial cohesion
(B ottas so et a l. 2014).
• It a lso a cc elera tes the integra tion of a country
in t o the w orld m arket through international
t ra de. At la rge, trans port infra structure helps
im prove a country’s com petitiveness in the
globa l m a rket (Aqm a rina and Achja r 2017).
 MOST COMMONU USED
TRANSPORTATION

Land Transportation Air Transportaion Water Trasportation

 Land Transportation
• Land transportation in the Philippines consists of
a vast array of vehicles. From traditional bicycles
and tricycles, to modern buses and taxis, land
transportation remains an integral part of
everyday life in Philippines. Aside from providing
much needed mobility, it has also become an
economic backbone for many Filipinos living in
rural areas.
• The first, and most common mode of
transportation in logistics.
 Air Transportation
• Air transportation has revolutionized the Philippines,
making it easier for people to travel to a variety of
locations.
• Advances in technology have created more efficient
and user-friendly air travel experiences, with online
booking services streamlining the process even
further. All in all, air transportation has drastically
changed how people move around the Philippines,
making it one of the most popular ways to make long-
distance trips.
 Air Transportation

• Airplanes are becoming increasingly important in

domestic and international trade. With continually
improving technologies and practically unlimited
route possibilities, air transportation is the fastest
growing and most time efficient shipping mode.
 Water
Transportation
• Water or Maritime transportation concerns the
movement of passengers and freight over water
masses, from oceans to rivers.

• Water transportation plays a major role in the

Philippines, as the unique geography of islands and
seas connected by ferries, canoes, and other
watercraft allows for fast travel between populated
locations. From traditional outrigger canoes to modern
ferryboats, the Philippines has been a leading
producer and user of vessels since ancient times.
 Water Transportation

• Shipping by water has been practiced for

thousands of years and remains pivotal to
today’s global trade. 90% of all international
trade is accomplished through maritime
transportation.
 ADVANTAGES

ECONOMICAL

L ARGE CAPACITY
STORAGE
DIVER SITY OF TRANSPORTABLE
MATERIALS
 DISADVANTAGES

TIME - CONSUMING

PORT ACCESSIBILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

No t Appropriate Fo r Perishable
Go od
PORTS AND HARBORS

DATAS

SIGNIFICANCE

TERMINOLOGIES
 DID YOU KNOW?

T h e E a rth is a w a ter y place.

Abo ut 7 1 percent o f the E arth's
s u rfa ce is w a ter- co v ered, a nd the
o cea ns ho ld abo ut 9 6 .5 percent o f
all E a rth' s w a ter.

Shipping by water has been

practiced for thousands of years and
remains pivotal to today’s global
trade. 90% of all international trade
is accomplished through maritime
transportation
TERMINOLOGIES
“PORT” means a place where ships
may anchor or tie up for the
A harbour can be defined as a
purpose of shelter, repair, loading
sheltered area of the sea in which
or discharge of cargo, or for other
vessels could be launched, built or
such activities connected with
taken for repair; or could seek refuge
water-borne commerce, and
in time of storm; or provide for loading
including all the land and water and unloading of cargo and boarding
areas and the structures, and un boarding of passengers.
equipment and facilities related to Seaports are the main
these functions. ‫܀‬ Port = Harbour + Storage Facility infrastructure in the water
+ Communication Facility +Other transport sector, and they
Terminal Facility. are regarded as economic
catalysts in areas where they
are located.
 SIGNIFICANCE
• Ports have the role in the moving of the products. They facilitate the
trade and market exchanges. They reinforce the competitiveness in
exports. They generate jobs as well. In ways, they provide service to
the industrial sectors. Eventually they contribute to the economic
growth.

• Ports and harbours conduct four important functions:

ADMINISTRATIVE (ensuring that the legal, socio-political and
economic interests of the state and international maritime authorities
are protected), DEVELOPMENT (ports are major promoters and
instigators of a country’s or wider regional economy), INDUSTRIAL
(major industries process the goods imported or exported in a port),
and COMMERCIAL (ports are international trade junction points where
various modes of transport interchange; loading, discharging, transit
of goods).
 STATISTICS
The Philippines have
429 fishing ports and
821 commercial ports.
AGENCIES
 PHILIPPINE PORT SYSTEM

R RTS

The Roll- On Roll- Off Terminal System

(RRT S) w as established in 2003 by the
government meant to provide greater
ac c ess and c onnec tivity betw een island
provinc es, while expanding the c ountry’s
transport system at minimum c ost
(Franc isc o, 2017). This w as an
infrastructure investment that c onverted
existing ports to be parallel to the
national highw ay networks. T he RORO
polic y w as aimed to improve travel and
logistic s effi c ienc y in the c ountry, as
well as enc ourage private sec tor
partic ipation.
 PHILIPPINE PORT SYSTEM

DOTr

The DOTr or Department of

Transportation is responsible for funding
the c onstruc tion and development of
small quays and fi shing/feeder ports.
Some of the fi shing ports serve as
c ommerc ial c argo handling set by the
PPA and the PFDA. These ports are later
transferred bac k to the respec tive LGUs
or the munic ipal government themselves
that built those ports
 PHILIPPINE PORT SYSTEM

IPA

Independent Port Authorities

These port authorities were given

independenc e to dec entralize c ontrol
from the PPA and promote c ompetition,
while also giving LGUs more control over
their loc al ports. Most of the ports were
revolved from the PPA port system. IPAs
are given the power to set their own
rates, although they still normally matc h
the rates of PPA
• ARMM. The Regional Port Authority - Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao manages the
Polloc, Jolo and Bongao ports devolved by the PPA.

• BCDA. The Bases Conversion and Development Authority is a development corporation engaging
in PPPs for the infrastructure of former military bases into economic growth centers. They
supervise the ports in San Fernando, La Union, and the former U.S. military air base facility in
Clark Field, Pampanga.

• CEZA. In 1997, the Cagayan Economic Zone Authority was created to supervise the Cagayan
SpecialnEconomic Zone and Freeport. The Cagayan Freeport is operated as a separate customs
territory.
• CPA. The Cebu Ports Authority (CPA) was created in 1992 to govern over all ports located in the
Cebu Province, acting separately from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) system. The Cebu Port
System is composed of the Cebu International Port and the Cebu Baseport - Domestic Zone.
Additionally, there are five subports under the jurisdiction of CPA, namely: Mandaue, Danao, Sta.
Fe, Toledo and Argao – each subports are smaller ports that are essential to the flow of domestic
inter-island commerce.
• Although the Mindanao Container Terminal is officially under the regulation of PHIVIDEC Industrial
Authority, it is operated by its own subsidiary – International Container Terminal Services, Inc.
(ICTSI).
• SBMA. The government of the Philippines created the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority to
operate and oversee the development of the Subic Bay Freeport (SBF) in Zambales.
 PHILIPPINE PORT SYSTEM

PPA

The Phi l ippine Ports A uthori ty is the

primary government agenc y responsible
for the planning and development of the
c ountry’s seaports. It w as c reated in
1974, and has sinc e expanded its
func tions in regulating fi nanc e,
operation, and maintenanc e of ports,
inc luding all port c onstruc tion projects
(under its port system). This
Government- Ow ned or Controlled-
Corporation(GOCC) has been previously
removed under the jurisdic tion of DPWH
and given fi nanc ial autonomy as an
attac hed agenc y of the Department of
 PHILIPPINE PORT SYSTEM

PPA History

The Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) was created on July 11,

1974 with the issuance of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 505.
This PD was subject of several amendments one of which is
PD No. 857 which was issued on December 23, 1975.
Section 6 (v) of PD No. 857 empowers the PPA “to create or
alter its own organization or Port Management Unit, and
staff such an organization or Port Management Unit (PMU)
with appropriate and qualified personnel in accordance with
what may be deemed proper or necessary to achieve the
objectives of the Authority”.
PHILIPPINE PORTS
AUTHORITY
FUNCTIONS
Functions
Based on Article IV Section 6 of its amended charter, the following are the corporate
duties of PPA:

1.To formulate in coordination with the National Economic and Development Authority a
comprehensive and practicable Port Development for the State and to program its
implementation, renew and update the same annually in coordination with other
national agencies;

2.To supervise, control, regulate, construct, maintain, operate, and provide such
facilities or services as are necessary in the ports vested in, or belonging to PPA;

3.To prescribe rules and regulation, procedures, and guidelines governing the
establishment, construction, maintenance, and operations of all other ports, including
private ports in the country;

4.To license, control, regulate, supervise any construction or structure within any Port
District;

5.To provides services (whether on its own, by contract, or otherwise) within the Port
District and the approaches thereof, including but not limited to berthing, towing,
6.To exercise control of or administer any foreshore rights or leases which may be
vested in PPA from time to time;

7.To coordinate with the Bureau of Lands or any other government agency or
corporation, in the development of any foreshore area;

8.To control, regulate and supervise pilotage and the conduct of pilots in any Port
District;

9.To provide or assist in the provision of training programs and training facilities
for its staff of port operators and users for the efficient discharge of its functions,
duties, and responsibilities; and,

10.To perform such acts or provide such services as may be deemed proper or
necessary to carry out and implement the provisions of the PD, including the
adoption of necessary measures to remedy congestion in any government port,
and in coordination with the Bureau of Customs in the case of ports of entry (as
amplified by Exec. Order No. 513).
MAJOR PORTS IN
THE
PHILLIPPINES
 1. PORT OF
MANILA
This is the largest port in the country and
also its gateway to international shipping
and trade. The port of Manila has an
impressive number of terminals and
facilities that process maritime trade
occurring in the Metro Manila area. It has
22 available berths and 12 piers with an
annual cargo tonnage of around 75 million
and container volume of 4.5 million TEUs
annually.
 2. PORT OF CEBU
• This port of Cebu has suffered serious damage in the
past following Typhoon Haiya also known as Typhoon
Yolanda that hit the port in 2013. The damage was
moderate and the port has resumed its normal
operations and remains the main passenger port in the
nation. Locally referred to as Pantalan sa Sugbo, the port
of Cebu handles cargo traffic in Metro Cebu and its
environs. This is the largest domestic port in the
Phillipines serving the local population’s movements
especially from Mindanao and Vsayas but it’s also serves
the international cruise ships and their passengers.

• The port has a commercial aspect to it as well since Cebu

is a principal location for regional and international trade.
This port is also known as Cebu baseport and it’s divided
into four main management sections: the Cebu
international port, 5th Street port, Pier No.3 and Ludo
pier/port. The Cebu domestic port has three passenger
terminals for inter island traffic and two ferry terminals
 3. BATANGAS
INTERNATIONAL PORT
• This port is locally referred to a Batangas pier but it is
far much more than just a pier. Covering 150 hectares
the port is the alternative to the Port of Manila when it
comes to handling large consignments of cargo and
containers. Located in the southern part of the city of
Manila the port is involved in handling most of the cargo
going in and out of the islands in the archipelago and
large shipping companies tend to use it as a lay-berth
port.

• The container terminal in this port has been modernized

leading to big players in the South China Sea trade like
Japan transferring some of their most important
operations to the port from the Port of Manila. There are
three passenger terminals located in the port but the
port seems to have a better reputation as a commercial
port than a passenger port.
 4. PORT OF SUBIC
• The Port of Subic is located in the previous United
States Naval base in Subic Bay which happens to
be a Subic Bay freeport zone. This means that the
port is of strategic importance to the country in
addition to being the country’s most important
economic gateways. It houses hundreds of
investment projects and has a very modern and
well equipped container terminal that is capable of
responding to the sea trading needs of Central and
Northern Luzon. The annual capacity of the port is
300,000 TEUs for two new berths with the potential
to handle even more. This is in addition to the
three already existing terminals: the Boton Wharf
fertilizer terminal, Leyte Wharf grain bulk terminal
and Sattler pier general cargo terminal.
5. PORT OF CAGAYAN DE
ORO
• This port recently had a terminal inaugurated as
the biggest port passenger port terminal in the
Philippines. The terminal in Port of Cagayan de Oro
has green areas, prayer rooms, play areas for kids
and emergency medical rooms. This takes the
already busiest port in Northern Mindanao and
puts it on the map as a modern port for cruise
ships from all over the world. The terminal even
has security checkpoints and offices for the coast
guard, tourist police and quarantine.
• Apart from the massive passenger traffic this port
caters to, it also handles Ro-Ro cargo between
Mindanao and Manila, Batangas and Visayas.
 LATEST PROJECTS

11 LUZON

4 VIS AYAS

4 MINDANAO
 LATEST PROJECTS

The upgrading of the general cargo berth at the Port of Sasa

in Davao City with a budget of PHP902 million has largest
budget among the 19 projects.

Another is the PHP693-million project at the Port of

Catagbacan in Bohol which involves the construction of a
wharf and port operational area with a continuous RoRo
ramp.

Also set to be completed is the construction of the country’s

first dedicated cruise ship terminal at Jubang Port in Surigao
del Norte amounting to PHP620 million.
 LATEST PROJECTS

Other seaport projects include the rehabilitation of

Claveria Port, the construction of PPA-PCG K9 academy,
the Puerto Galera port expansion project and the
Balingoan port expansion project in Misamis Oriental, and
others.

PPA is also set to award and begin 47 new port

infrastructure projects within the year.
CASE STUDY
Segmented Concrete Block (SCB) bulkhead is considered as
an alternative bulkhead structure for a cargo port along a
curved coastline that is tracked by several typhoons yearly.
Coastal engineering analyses of storm surge and storm
waves provide the hazard loadings of typhoons while
seismic loadings are based on the characteristics of the
nearest known faultline. The main destabilizing loads due to
the natural hazards include the dynamic pressures due to
fluctuating tides and storm surge, wave impact forces and
seismic loads on the blocks and the backfill. Typhoon hazard
intensities are quantified thru a calibrated storm surge
model, and wave pressures are based on results of coupled
hydrodynamics-wave numerical simulations. For this port, it
was found that a combination of seismic loading coinciding
with prevailing waves would govern seaward sliding and
overturning, while typhoon conditions with no seismic
loading would cause bearing capacity failure of the SCB
bulkhead. This methodology can be applied to other ports
In recent years, coastal ports have been built in many places in the
archipelago to serve various functions, such as the transport of cargo
between islands. In this paper, a coastal port along Sibuyan Sea, one of
the busiest waters of the country, is discussed. This port needs a
docking wharf to be built in time before the onset of the stormy season
to serve cargo ships that transport construction materials to ongoing
land developments in this area. The period of construction is
constrained to within the preceding 7-month dry season so that use of
a cast in-situ gravity bulkhead is not possible
Based on these results, it is evident that the most critical
load
combination case are Cases 2 and 3. Case 2 (Typhoon
condition, no earthquake) is critical for bearing capacity
check of the structure while Case 3 (Prevailing condition,
with earthquake) is critical for both the overturning and
sliding failure checks of the structure.
COASTAL ENGINEERING AND EXTERNAL STABILITY ANALYSES OF
A SEGMENTED-BLOCK CARGO-PORT BULKHEAD
AGAINST HAZARD LOADINGS

Eric C. Cruz
Clint Chester M. Reyes

Institute of Civil Engineering – Water Resources and Coastal,

University of the Philippines Diliman

AMH Philippines, Inc., Bahay ng Alumni Bldg, U.P. Diliman

Campus, Quezon City, Philippines
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING