Chapter 1: Illumination

Outlines

1.1: Basic of lighting

1.2: Terminology in Illumination

1.3: Lighting Technology

1.4: Lighting Design

 1.1: Basic of lighting

Light:
• It is electromagnetic energy radiated from any light
source.
• It creates visible sensation to the human eye.
• The sensation of color is due to the difference in the
wavelength of the light radiations.
 Cont’d…

Electromagnetic waves/lights are classified as

 visible waves
Invisible waves.
Visible waves: daylight (sun), radiations from candles
and lamps
Invisible waves: x-rays, gamma rays, IR rays, radio
waves, micro waves.
 Cont’d…

Visible light is composed of different colors each

having different wavelengths (in Micrometer unit)
 Cont’d…

• Lights having wave lengths < 0.3 µm belongs to the

ultra violet range.
• Lights with wave lengths > 0.8 µm belong to the
infrared range.
• The visible spectrum ranges from 0.4 to 0.7 µm
• Human eye is most sensitive to light having
wavelengths of about 0.555 µm in the green portion of
the spectrum
 Cont’d…

Light can be measured either:

– photo-metrically or
– radio-metrically
Radiometry: is a measurement of electromagnetic radiation
(or radiant energy) emitted by light source.
 Radiometric measurements extend past the visible region
of the electromagnetic spectrum, into the infrared and
ultraviolet.
 Radiometry is used to measure the total power output of
an object in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrum.
 Cont’d…

Photometry is a measurement of light brightness in the

visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which can
be seen by the human eye.
Photometry is used to measure the intensity, spectral
distribution and color of light sources
 1.2: Terminology in Illumination
1. Luminous Flux (Ø):

 It is the total quantity of light energy radiated/ produced by luminous body

in the form of light waves.

 It is measured in lumen.

Lumens = candle power x solid angle = cp x ω

 Total lumens given out by the source of one candela are 4π lumens.

 Candle power is the light radiating capacity of a source in a given

direction

Candle Power is the number of lumens given out by the source in a unit solid
angle in a given direction.

1 lumen=0.0016 watt (approx) or 1 watt=625 lumens

 Cont’d…

2. luminous Intensity (I)

It shows the illuminating power or strength of source of light.

It is the amount of luminous flux emitted by a source per unit

solid angle.

I=∅/ω

Where ∅ is luminous flux

ω is solid angle
 Cont’d…

Solid angle is the angle enclosed in the volume formed by

numerous lines lying on the surface and meeting at the
point.
It is denoted by symbol ‘ω’ and is measured in steradian.
 Cont’d…
• If r is the radius of any sphere, its surface area is 4πr2
• The distance of its surface area from the center is r,
therefore, solid angle subtended at its center by its surface,

Illumination (E) or Illuminance: When the luminous flux falls on

a surface, it is said to be illuminated. .
 It is defined as the number of lumens, falling on the surface, per
unit area. It is denoted by symbol E and it’s unit is lumens per
square meter or meter-candle or lux. in
lumens/m2
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
 Cont’d…
 Brightness of a surface is defined as the luminous intensity per unit

projected area of the surface in the given direction. Unit of brightness

is Lambert.
 Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of the effect of light on the

perceived color of objects.

 It describes how a light source makes the color of an

object appear to human eyes. A low CRI indicates that some

colors may appear unnatural when illuminated by the lamp.

Specific output or efficiency of a lamp is the ratio of luminous flux to

the power intake. Its unit is lumens per watt (lm/w
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
 Cont’d…

Laws of Illumination:

there are two laws of illumination.

1. Inverse square law.
2. 2. Lambert's cosine law.
Inverse square law: This law states that ‘the
illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of distance of the surface from the source of light.
Cont’d…
 Cont’d…

2. Lambert's cosine law: This law states that illumination, E at any

point on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the line of flux and the normal at that point.
 1.3. Lighting Technology
• Lighting systems: Lighting systems used in residential,
commercial and industrial can be sub divided in to three major
categories.
A) General lighting
B) localized lighting and
C) local lighting
A) General lighting provides approximately uniform illuminance
over the whole of the working area.
 Cont’d…
B) Localized lighting systems:
 provides illuminance on general work areas with a simultaneous
reduced level of illuminance in adjacent areas.

C) Local lighting systems: provides illuminance for relativly small

areas incorporating visual tasks.
 Cont’d…
Poor Lighting can cause:
• Eye Strain
• Headache
• Accidents due to insufficient lighting
• Glare
 Cont’d…
For Good lighting system:
 Adequate illumination of suitable colour on the working surface

Good maintenance
Avoidance of hard shadows
Avoidance of Glare

Good illumination ensures increased production, effectiveness

of work & reduced accidents.
 Cont’d…

Light source and Lighting control:

 The first step of lighting installation design is to decide on the
type of lamp.
 Main target of lighting:
To provide safe working environment.
To perform visual tasks
 To create visible environment.
 Cont’d…
Light source are grouped in to two categories, such as.
1. Natural light source ( sun and moon)
2. Artificial light source (Lamps, flames/candle).
Artificial light sources are classified into two based on the
technology used to provide the light.
1. Incandescent lamps
2. Discharge lamps
Incandescent lamps:
1. Vacuum lamps 2. Gas filled lamps
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
 Cont’d…

1. Incandescent Lamps
 They use electric current to heat a coiled tungsten filament to
produce bright light.
 The glass envelop contains a mixture of nitrogen and a small
amount of inert gases like argon.
 Some incandescent lamps such as some flashlights lamps
contain xenon and are called xenon lamps
 Their average life time ranges from 750 to 2000 hours
 Cont’d…
There are two types of incandescent lamps, such as:
1. Vacuum lamps
 Air is evacuated from the bulb

 Operates only up to 2000oc

2. Gas filled lamps:

 It is filled with argon, nitrogen or other gases.

• Operates at a filament temp rising up to 2500oc

• The inner side of the bulb is coated by an opaque materials.

• 25W lamp emits 250 to 375 lumens, 40W lamp emits 400 to
 Cont’d…

Tungsten:
 high ductility in nature,

 high MP & high efficiency which makes it suitable for use as

filament.
Tungsten bulbs are designed for:
 uniform radiation
 accurate consumption of power
 efficiency •
 life rating

 Inert gas in incandescent lamps helps to decrease the rate of

evaporation of tungsten & improves its efficiency.
 Cont’d…
Filament characteristics depend on
 filament length
 filament diameter
 coil spacing
 lead wires
 method of mounting
 no. of supports
 properties of gas employed
 gas pressure
 bulb size
 shape of bulb •
Cont’d…

Base contact
 Cont’d…

Incandescent Bases or
contacts
 Cont’d…
• Filament: made from tungsten wire which is coiled.

• When a tungsten filament is heated to a high temperature by permitting a very large

current to flow , it emits light radiations.

• At temperature above 2800K, the rate of evaporation increases so the life span is

drastically reduced.

• Gas Filling :- rate of filament evaporation can be reduced by raising the vapor pressure

in the lamp by introducing 24 chemically inactive gases with hot tungsten gasses like

Nitrogen & Argon

• Glass Envelopes:- Spherical or mush room . It can be clear, pearl(etched on the inside

surface ) or inside white coated with silica, titania or similar substances.

• The materials, which can be used as a filament are carbon, osmium, tantalum and –

tungsten. These metals are selected due to their high melting points
 Cont’d…
2. Discharge Lamps:
 Lamps that produce light due to the passage of electric
charges(Electrons) through a gas are termed discharge lamps
 When a suitable voltage is applied between two electrodes an
electric discharge is produced due to the gas enclosed.
 The electric current passing through the gas produces visible
radiation. Argon gas, sodium or mercury vapor are commonly
used
 Cont’d…
• Fluorescent Lamp (Low Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps)
They are classified as:
 Sodium lamp
 High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp

• Certain materials, such as phosphorus, calcium phosphate,

emit visible light whenever they absorb ultra-violet light. This
phenomenon is known as fluorescence and may be used to
produce a very efficient type of lamp.
 Cont’d…
• If a tube of a discharge lamp containing mercury Vapour is
coated internally with fluorescent material, a considerable
proportion of the ultra-violet light caused by the discharge is
converted into useful visible light.
• Low- pressure mercury Vapour lamp consists of glass tube
filled with mercury vapour at low pressure. It is provided with
two electrodes coated with electron emissive material.
 Cont’d…
• The light output of a fluorescent lamp is 40- 70 lm/w and has
an average life of about 7500 hrs.
• The application includes:
 Lighting of shops, homes, factories, streets, ships,
transport (buses and trains),
 These tubes enable to achieve high lighting intensity
without excessive temperature rise and with low level of
glare
.
.
.
starter

Choke
 Cont’d…
Starters: During starting it is necessary to introduce a higher than
normal voltage to the lamp to assist ionization. This is achieved by
using a ballast (choke) in series with a discharge lamp circuit.
when the current passes through the ballast interrupts, a high 35 when
the current through the ballast interrupts, a high voltage pulse voltage
rising up to 2000V will appear in the electrodes of the respective
discharge lamp bulb. This facilitates ionization and conduction there
after through the gas. Once the gas has began to conduct, its
resistance will progressively fall( as more and more atoms ionized )
The ballast Assists ionization and is used as a current limiting device
 Cont’d…
• Three methods are commonly available for starting the discharge
in a fluorescent tube:
 Thermal Start,
 Glow Start And
 Quick Start

Sodium Lamp:
 It has double glass container
 the inner glass tube is filled with neon gas with some sodium
drops.
Cont’d…
 Cont’d…
• When the supply is switched on the sodium lamp can not start as
the supply voltage is too low to start the discharge. The leak
transformer connected across the main produces a starting voltage
of about 400V. Then, the neon gas starts to discharge, this in turn
vaporizes the sodium and discharge continuous to produce bright
light.
• Its power factor is very low, which is about 0.3, hence a capacitor
is used to raise it.
• The efficiency is approximately 75 lumens per watt and the lamp
has an average life of 6000hrs
 Cont’d…

High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp:

• These lamps consist of an inner discharge tube and an outer
evacuated tube.
• The inner tube is provided with two main electrodes and an
auxiliary electrode. The wiring diagram of mercury vapour
lamps is shown in the figure on next slide
Cont’d…
• Compact fluorescent Lamps

• The compact fluorescent light bulb or lamp is a type

of fluorescent lamp generally designed as a
replacement for incandescent or halogen lamps.
There are two major types of compact fluorescent
 Cont’d…
• Screw in lamps are self-ballasted and can
generally be placed in an existing screw
socket without any additional equipment,
plug-in bulbs require a ballast and a socket
that corresponds to their specific base
configuration. These are also sometimes
referred to as integrated (screw base) and
non-integrated (plug base).
• Both come in a wide variety of wattages,
sizes, color temperatures, and base types,
and they are known primarily for their
efficiency, long life, low cost, and ease of
upgrading.
 Cont’d…
LED Lamps

• LEDs are a type of semiconductor called "Light Emitting Diode". White

LEDs, which have achieved practical realization through the use of high-
brightness blue LEDs developed in 1993 based on Gallium Nitride, are
attracting increased attention as a 4th type of light source.
How do LEDs Emit Light?
• LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are semiconductor light sources that
combine a P-type semiconductor (larger hole concentration) with an N-type
semiconductor (larger electron concentration). Applying a sufficient
forward voltage will cause the electrons and holes to recombine at the P-N
junction, releasing energy in the form of light.
 Cont’d…

• Compared with conventional light sources that first convert electrical

energy into heat, and then into light, LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
convert electrical energy directly into light, delivering efficient light
generation with little-wasted electricity.
 Cont’d…
• How is White Light Created?
• There are several methods of generating white light using LEDs.
 Blue LED ＋ Yellow Phosphor

• Combining a blue LED with yellow phosphor, which is a

complementary color, will yield white light. This method is easier
than other solutions and provides high efficiency, making it the
most popular choice on the market.
 Cont’d…
2. Red LED ＋ Green LED ＋ Blue LED
Combining the 3 primary colors will result in white light. Generally
this method isn't used for lighting, but for full-color LED devices.
 Cont’d…

• Comparisonlighting_comparison_chart.pdf of LED vs CFL

VS Incndescent lamps
 LightingSchemes

1. Direct Lighting:-
• About 90% to 100%o f the total light flux is made to fall directly
upon the working plane( falls downwards) with the help of suitable
reflectors. Most commonly used for internal lighting.
• Mainly used for Industry & general outdoor lighting.
• Disadvantage: Causes hard shadows and glare.
 Cont’d…
2. Semi-Direct Lighting
• 60%-90% of the total light flux is made to fall directly
downwards with the help of semi-direct reflectors.
• Remaining light is used for illuminate ceilings and walls.
• It is used for general lighting where ceiling also should be
illuminated
• Causes soothing brightness.
 Cont’d…
3.Indirect Lighting
 More than 90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the
ceiling for diffused reflection by bowl reflectors.
 Causes soft, glare-free, diffused illumination.
 Used for decorative purposes in cinemas, hotels, theatres, etc.
 Advantage; It gives a glare free diffuse light flux with soft
shadows.
 Cont’d…

Indirect Lighting
 4. Semi-Indirect Lighting

 60%-90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the

ceiling for diffused reflection by using inverted reflectors.
 The remaining light reaches the work plane directly except for
some absorption by the reflectors.
 Causes soft shadows and glare free lighting scheme.
 Used for indoor light decorations.
Cont’d…

Semi-Direct
lighting
 5. General Lighting

• In this method the bulb and the reflector are made of diffuse
glass, so as to give uniform illumination in all direction.
• Causes diffused and glare-less lighting, same illumination in
all directions.
• Eg: Wall lights, Ceiling lights, dimmers and lower wattage
lights, fluorescent lights.
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
 1.4: Lighting Design

• DESIGN OF INDOOR LIGHTING SCHEMES

I. Adequate illumination
II. Uniform light distribution all over the working plane.
III. Light of suitable colour.
IV. Minimum hard shadow and glare.
 Cont’d…
Factors affecting Lighting:
 Shadow
 Glare
 Reflection
 Stroboscopic effect
 Colour Rendering