Understanding

CULTURE,
SOCIETY
andPOLITICS
SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES
Structural
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic
Interactionalism
 Sociological Perspectives

STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALISM
• The elements of society are understood
by their role (function) in maintaining
society.
• The way each part of
society functions together
to contribute to the whole
 Sociological Perspectives

CONFLICT THEORY
• The way inequalities contribute to
social differences and perpetuate
differences in power.
 Sociological Perspectives

SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONALISM
• One-to-one interactions and
communications that attempts to
understand the meanings of people
associate with their social actions and
the social institutions around
them.
SOCIAL
GROUP
 What does
SOCIAL GROUP
means?
 SOCIAL
Defined as two or more people who
GROUP
regularly interact with one another and
who share common outlook concerning
behavior, a sense of common identity
and who do things together with a
common goal and interest.
Characteristics of Society:
1. Mutual Awareness
2. One or more Common Interests
3. Sense of Unity
4. We-feeling
5. Similarity of Behavior
6. Group Norms
 What does
GROUP means?
 GROUP
- formed as an assemble of people who often
interact with each other on the basis of a
common outlook concerning behavior and a
sense of common identity.
- is any collection of people who interact on
the basis of shared expectations regarding one
another’s behavior (Kornblum, 2003)
Requirements for a group:

1. There must be two or more people.

2. There must be interaction.
3. The members must be together
physically.
Group is characterized by the following:
1. A group has identity identifiable by both its
members and outsiders.
2. A group has a social structure in the sense
that each part or member has a position
related to other positions.
3. Each member in a group has roles to play.
4. There is mutual reciprocity among
members in a group.
 SOCIAL GROUP
GROUP
• Mutual Awareness • Has identity identifiable
by both its members and
• One or more common
outsiders.
interests
• Has a social structure
• Sense of unity
• Each member has roles to
• We-feeling
play.
• Similarity of behavior • There is mutual
• Group norms reciprocity among
members
 How can we
distinguished a
group as from other
collection of people?
AGGREGATE
Group as distinguished from other collection of people like:

AGGREGAT
E
- a simple collection
people who are in the
of

same place at the same

time without interacting
with each other
CATEGORY
Group as distinguished from other collection of people like:

CATEGORY
- a simple collection of people
who share distinctive
characteristics (age, sex, race,
income/ social class, occupation,
religion, political beliefs,
ethnicity
COLLECTIVIT
Y
Group as distinguished from other collection of people like:

COLLECTIVI
TYof people
- a collection
in a given place and
time temporarily
CLASSIFICA
TION OF
GROUP
22
RICHARD T.
SCHAEFER
(1979)
PRIMARY
GROUPS
Classification of groups:

1 PRIMARY
GROUPS
Primary groups are small “ face-to-
face” groups in which the interaction
is direct and personal.
It is serves as an avenue for the
members to socialize and to develop
their roles in the group.
Classification of groups: PRIMARY GROUPS

It is characterized by:
 personal and intimate relationship
 face to face communication
 permanence duration
 a strong sense of loyalty or “we” feeling
 small in size
 informal structure
 traditional or non-rational decision-making
SECONDARY
GROUPS
Classification of groups:

2 SECONDARY
SecondaryGROUPS
groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
It refers to formal and impersonal
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
understanding.
Classification of groups: SECONDARY GROUPS

It is characterized by:
 large in size
 impersonal, aloof relationship
 indirect communication
 short term and variable relationships
 goal orientation
 weak group cohesiveness based on self-interest
 rational decision-making
 formal structure
BOUNDARIE
S
OF GROUP
30
WILLIAM
GRAHAM
SUMNER
(1959)
 IN-GROUPS
Secondary groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
IN-GROUP
It refers to formal and impersonal
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
understanding.
Group Boundaries

IN-GROUPS
IN-GROUP
A group with which
Secondary the individual
groups are thoseidentifies
whose and
whichmembers
gives him have casual contact.
 sense of belonging  loyal to each other
It refers to formal
 solidarity and impersonal
share common norms,
group wherein members
 camaraderie havegoals
activities littleand
social
 esprit de intimacy
corps or mutual
background.
 a protective
understanding.
attitude
toward the other members
Group Boundaries: IN-GROUP

IN-GROUPS
There is such a high regard for each member
that collective terms like “ We”, “Us”.
Secondary groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
It refers to formal and impersonal
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
understanding.
 IN-GROUPS
Secondary groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
OUT-
It refers to formal and impersonal
group wherein members GROUP
social intimacy or mutual
have little

understanding.
Group Boundaries

IN-GROUPS
OUT-GROUP
The members
Secondaryof the out-group
groups have feelings
are those whose of
 strangeness
members have casual  ascontact.
though they should
 dislikes not have been in that
It refers to formal and
 avoidance impersonal
group
group wherein members
 antagonism have littlecontact
 has insufficient
social intimacy
 indifference and or mutual
with the members
understanding.
even hatred toward
their co-member
Group Boundaries: OUT-GROUP

Is not actualIN-GROUPS
groups but a kind of perspective
relationship that exist in the minds of
Secondary groups are those whose
individual learns to us the pronoun “ THEY”.
members have casual contact.
It refers to formal and impersonal
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
understanding.
 IN-GROUPS
Secondary groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
It refers to formal and impersonal
REFERENCE
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
GROUP
understanding.
Group Boundaries

IN-GROUPS
REFERENCE GROUP
Secondary groups are those whose
Group that is significant to us as models
members have casual contact.
even though we ourselves may not be a
partItof
refers to formal and impersonal
the group.
group wherein members have little
Is one which
social an individual
intimacy does not only
or mutual
have a high regard for but one after which
understanding.
he or she patterns his/her life
 IN-GROUPS
Secondary groups are those whose
members have casual contact.
NETWORK
It refers to formal and impersonal
GROUP
group wherein members have little
social intimacy or mutual
understanding.
Group Boundaries

IN-GROUPS
NETWORK
Secondary groups are those whose
A network
members is the structure
have of connection of
casual contact.
an individual with oneself, with other
It refers to formal and impersonal
individuals/s, and group/s (Faust,1994).
group wherein members have little
It can either
social be small
intimacy oror vast, intrapersonal
mutual
or interpersonal,
understanding. emergent, and complex.
A.FORMAL GROUP
BOUNDARIES
Groups in which duties and privileges are
clearly defined and expectations are prescribed,
independent of the person who happens to
occupy a given position
Individual roles are explicitly designed as
president, v-president, secretary, and treasurer
With constitution or set of by-laws
B.INFORMAL GROUP
BOUNDARIES
Arises spontaneously out of the interactions
of two or more people.
They are unplanned, have no explicit rules for
membership, and do not have specific
objectives to be attained.
The members exchange confidences, share a
feeling of intimacy and acquire a sense of
belongingness.
IMPORTANCE OF A
• A group is a major source of solidarity and
cohesion. GROUP
• A group reinforces and strengthens our
integration into society.
• A group shares basic survival and problem-
solving techniques to satisfy personal and
emotional needs.
• A group gives meaning and support to an
individual.
 ACTIVITY 2
Direction:
1. Identify the various social group in your
barangay.
2. On a sheet of paper, map out the groups.
Use symbols to indicate the relationship
between two or more groups.

Ex. Arrow/straight line for network, broken

line for out group, etc.)
 Activity 3: MATRIX
Direction: Complete the table/matrix below by
citing examples of various kinds of group in
the Philipppine context. Why do do think so?
Examples Explanation
PRIMARY GROUP

SECONDARY GROUP

IN-GROUP

OUT-GROUP

NETWORKS
Thank You!
ACTIVITY 1: Social Groups
Direction: Identify the groups that are you are
part of and assign this on the drawing below
according closeness.

SELF
 ACTIVITY 1
“Spaghetti tower”
Direction:
In 3 minutes, build a tower using dry
spaghetti and marshmallow. The tower must
be. When their time is up, the tallest
freestanding tower wins.