one after another. 1 void main () – For example in the following 2 { C program, CPU first 3 a = b + c;
executes the instruction of 4 c -= 2;
5 d = a + c; line 3 (adds b and c), then 6 } executes the instruction of line 4.
2 Jump and Call (Continued) • But sometimes we need the CPU to execute an instruction other than the next instruction. – For example: • When we use a conditional instruction (if) • When we make a loop • When we call a function (subroutine)
3 Jump and Call (Continued) • Example 1: Not executing the next instruction, because of condition. – In the following example, the 1 void main () instruction of line 6 is not 2 { executed. 3 int a = 2; 4 int c = 3; 5 if (a == 8) 6 c = 6; 7 else 8 c = 7; 9 c = a + 3; }
4 Jump and Call (Continued) • Example 2: In this example, the next instruction will not be executed because of loop. – In the following example, the 1 void main () order of execution is as follows: 2 {
• Line 4 3 int a, c = 0; 4 for(a = 2; a < 4; a++) • Line 5 5 c += a; • Again, line 4 6 a = c + 2; • Again line 5 7 } • Line 6 8 9
5 Jump and Call (Continued) • Example 3: Not executing the next instruction, because of calling a function. Code – In the following example, the 1 void func1 (); instruction of line 6 is not 2 void main () executed after line 5. 3 { 4 int a = 2, c = 3; 5 func1 (); 6 c = a + 3; 7 } 8 void func1 (){ 9 int d = 5 / 2; 10 } 11
6 Jump and Call (Continued) • In the assembly language, there are 2 groups of instructions that make the CPU execute an instruction other than the next instruction. – These instructions are: • Jump: used for making loop and condition • Call: used for making function calls
7 Jump • Jump changes the Program Counter (PC) and causes the CPU to execute an instruction other than the next instruction.
8 Jump There are 2 kinds of Jump: – Unconditional Jump: • When CPU executes an unconditional jump, it jumps unconditionally (without checking any condition) to the target location. – Example: RJMP and JMP instructions
– Conditional Jump: • When CPU executes a conditional jump, it checks a condition, if the condition is true then it jumps to the target location; otherwise, it executes the next instruction.
9 Unconditional Jump
10 Unconditional Jump in AVR • There are 3 unconditional jump instructions in AVR: RJMP, JMP, and IJMP Code • We label the location where we 1 LDI R16, 0 want to jump, using a unique name or label, followed by ‘:’ 2 LDI R17, 2 3 HERE: ADD R16, R17 • Then, in front of the jump instruction we mention the name 4 RJMP HERE HERE of the label. 5 SUB R10,R15 • This causes the CPU to jump to the location we have labeled, instead of executing the next instruction.
11 Ways of specifying the Jump Target • There are 3 ways to provide the jump address:
– PC = operand – PC = PC + operand – PC = Z register
12 JMP • JMP PC = operand – Long Jump – 4-bytes instruction • 10-bits for the op-code and rest 22-bits for the target address • 22-bit = 4M memory locations
• Address Code In JMP, the operand PC: 0007 0001 0000 0002 contains the 000 .ORG 0 address of the 0 LDI R16, 15 destination Machine 000 LDI R17, 5 • code: 0 When a JMP is 940C 0006 0006 JMP LBL_NAME executed: opCod operan 000 1 LDI R18, 4 – PC is loaded e d 000 ADD R18, R17 with the 2 LBL_NAME: ADD R16,R17 operand value Machine 0006 000 code: JMP LBL_NAME 940C 0006 0006 4 LDI R18, 4 opCod operan 000 e d 5 000 6 000 7 000 9 15 RJMP (Relative Jump) • RJMP: – 2-bytes instruction – Lower 12-bits for the relative address of the target Range divided into forward and backward jumps.
16 RJMP (Relative jump)
• RJMP PC = PC + operand
1100 XXXX XXXX XXXX
– Example: 1100 0000 0000 0110
• Operand = 000000000110 • PC = PC + 000000000110
17 RJMP
• When RJMP is executed: – The operand PC: 0003 0007 0006 0001 0000 0002 Addres Code s will be added +0 +F 0000 .ORG 0
to the current 0005 0000 LDI R16, 15
Machine 0001 LDI R17, 5 value of PC code: 002 C002 0002 RJMP LBL_NAME opCod operan 0003 LDI R18, 4 e d 0004 ADD R18, R17 0005 LBL_NAME: 0005 Machine 0005 ADD R16,R17 code: 0006 RJMP LBL_NAME FFE CFFE 0007 opCod operan e d
18 IJMP (Indirect Jump) • IJMP: PC = Z register
– 2-bytes instruction – PC is loaded with the contents of Z-register So jumps to the address pointed to by the Z-register – For example, if Z points to location 100, by executing IJMP, the CPU jumps to location 100 The instruction has no operand
19 Conditional Jump
20 Conditional Jump in AVR SREG: I T H S V N Z C • The conditional jump instructions in AVR are as follows: Instruction Abbreviation of Comment BREQ lbl Branch if Equal Jump to location lbl if Z = 1, BRNE lbl Branch if Not Equal Jump if Z = 0, to location lbl BRCS lbl Branch if Carry Set Jump to location lbl, if C = 1 BRLO lbl Branch if Lower BRCC lbl Branch if Carry Cleared Jump to location lbl, if C = 0 BRSH lbl Branch if Same or Higher BRMI lbl Branch if Minus Jump to location lbl, if N = 1 BRPL lbl Branch if Plus Jump if N = 0 BRGE lbl Branch if Greater or Equal Jump if S = 0 BRLTlbl Branch if Less Than Jump if S = 1 BRHS lbl Branch if Half Carry Set If H = 1 then jump to lbl BRHC lbl Branch if Half Carry Cleared if H = 0 then jump to lbl BRTS Branch if T flag Set If T = 1 then jump to lbl BRTC Branch if T flag Cleared If T = 0 then jump to lbl BRIS Branch if I flag set If I = 1 then jump to lbl BRIC Branch if I flag cleared If I = 0 then jump to lbl
21 21 Usages of Conditional jump • Conditions and • Loop
22 Looping Instructions
23 Looping: Using BRNE • BRNE [BRanch if Not Equal]: – uses the ZERO flag [Z=0]
LDI R16, 0 LDI R17, 3 LDI R18, 5 ; R18 acts as the loop counter LOOP: ADD R16, R17 DEC R18 BRNE LOOP ; branch if
24 Looping: Example • Write a program to:
a. Clear R20 b. Add 3 to R20 ten times c. And then send the sum to PORTB
25 Looping: Example
26 Looping: Example Overall • Write a program to: a. Clear R20 b. Add 3 to R20 ten times c. And then send the sum to PORTB
LDI R16, 10 ; R16 = 10 (decimal) for counter
LDI R20, 0 ; R20 = 0 LDI R21, 3 ; R21 = 3 AGAIN: ADD R20, R21 ; add 03 to R20 (R20 = sum) DEC R16 ; decrement R16 (counter) BRNE AGAIN ; repeat until COUNT = 0 OUT PORTB,R20 ; send sum to PORTB
27 Reading • The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C by Mazidi et al., Prentice Hall
