Patholpogic Effects of Micro Organisms and Parasites

Pathologic effects of
micro organisms and

parasites
TWEBAZE TRIPHINE
objectives
• By the end of the class, the learner should be able to;
 identify different types of pathological effects.
 discuss different pathologic effects of different micro organisms.
 state different modes of prevention and control.
introduction
• Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with

the naked eye.
• They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

• Parasites are organisms that live on or inside another organism (host)
and rely on the host for nutrients and survival..
introduction
• Understanding the pathological effects of microorganisms and
parasites is crucial for several reasons. It helps us identify and treat
diseases, develop preventive measures, and advance medical science.
This knowledge is essential for public health, clinical medicine, and
research.
Types of pathological effects
• Inflammation. Micro organisms always trigger inflammatory
responses leading tissues damage, organ damage.
• Toxin production: micro organisms produce responses which damage
cells tissues.
• Invasion and colonization. Micro organisms invade and colonize
tissues hence destroying them.
• Immune system suppression. Micro organisms infest and suppress the
immune system making it week. This weakens the system making the
body susceptible to infection attacks.
Various micro organisms cause diseases in humans.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be both beneficial and harmful.
They are a diverse group with unique characteristics.eg
Staphylococcus aureus: Causes skin infections, pneumonia, and

food poisoning.
Streptococcus pyogenes: Responsible for strep throat, skin

infections, and more severe conditions like necrotizing fasciitis.
continua
Escherichia coli (E. coli): Some strains can cause foodborne illnesses
and urinary tract infections.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Causes tuberculosis (TB), primarily

affecting the lungs.
Other diseases that can be caused by bacteria include:

continua
 Respiratory infections: Pneumonia, strep throat, and whooping cough
are all caused by bacteria.
 Gastrointestinal infections: Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter
are common bacteria that can cause food poisoning.
 Urinary tract infections: Bladder infections and kidney infections are
often caused by bacteria.
continua
 Skin infections: Impetigo, cellulitis, and abscesses are all common

bacterial skin infections.
 Sexually transmitted infections: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
are all sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria
viruses
• Viruses are infectious agents that lack cellular structure and can only
replicate inside host cells. eg
• Influenza virus: Causes seasonal flu with symptoms like fever,

cough, and body aches.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Leads to acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by attacking the immune system .
• Hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, etc.): Affect the liver and can lead to
hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
• SARS-CoV-2: Responsible for COVID-19, characterized by
respiratory symptoms and various complications
• Some common diseases caused by viruses include:
 Respiratory viruses: The common cold, influenza, and COVID-19

are all caused by respiratory viruses.
 Gastrointestinal viruses: Rotavirus and norovirus are common
gastrointestinal viruses that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.
 Neurological viruses: Rabies, West Nile virus, and Zika virus are
examples of neurological viruses that can affect the brain and nervous
system.
 Skin viruses: Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are all caused

by skin viruses.
• Sexually transmitted viruses: HIV, HPV, and herpes simplex virus
are all sexually transmitted viruses that can cause serious health
problems.
Fungi
• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can cause a range of

infections, from superficial skin conditions to life-threatening systemic
diseases.eg
• Candida albicans: Can cause oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections,

and invasive candidiasis.
continua
• Aspergillus species: May lead to lung infections and allergic

reactions.
• Dermatophytes: Cause fungal skin infections like athlete's foot,

ringworm, and jock itch.
Protozoa
• Plasmodium: Causes malaria, a mosquito-borne disease with
symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. Malaria: Malaria is a
serious mosquito-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite
Plasmodium.
• Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is a common foodborne illness caused

by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii .
continua
• Entamoeba histolytica: Responsible for amoebiasis, leading to

intestinal and liver infections.
• Giardia lamblia: Causes giardiasis, leading to gastrointestinal

symptoms like diarrhea.
Helminths (Worms)
Ascariasis: Ascariasis is caused by the roundworm Ascaris

lumbricoides, which is the most common human helminth infection
worldwide. These infest the large intestines especially the caecum.
• Hookworm: Hookworm infection is caused by the hookworms

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These infest the
upper part of the human small intestines
continua
• Trichinosis: Trichinosis is caused by the roundworm Trichinella

spiralis, which is transmitted to humans by eating undercooked or raw
pork.
• Taeniasis: Taeniasis is caused by the tapeworms Taenia solium and
Taenia saginata
Prevention and treatment
• Vaccination. Prevents microbial infections
• Anti microbial therapy: antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals
• Hygiene and sanitation. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices
prevent microbial transmission
• Periodic deworming.
• Using of insect repellants and bed nets
• Treat infected individuals
• Thank you for listening

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Pathologic effects of

micro organisms and

• Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with

• They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Staphylococcus aureus: Causes skin infections, pneumonia, and

Streptococcus pyogenes: Responsible for strep throat, skin

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Causes tuberculosis (TB), primarily

Other diseases that can be caused by bacteria include:

 Skin infections: Impetigo, cellulitis, and abscesses are all common

• Influenza virus: Causes seasonal flu with symptoms like fever,

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Leads to acquired

• Some common diseases caused by viruses include:

 Respiratory viruses: The common cold, influenza, and COVID-19

 Skin viruses: Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are all caused

• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can cause a range of

• Candida albicans: Can cause oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections,

• Aspergillus species: May lead to lung infections and allergic

• Dermatophytes: Cause fungal skin infections like athlete's foot,

• Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is a common foodborne illness caused

• Entamoeba histolytica: Responsible for amoebiasis, leading to

• Giardia lamblia: Causes giardiasis, leading to gastrointestinal

Ascariasis: Ascariasis is caused by the roundworm Ascaris

• Hookworm: Hookworm infection is caused by the hookworms

• Trichinosis: Trichinosis is caused by the roundworm Trichinella

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