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Lecture 4

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9 views16 pages

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

kumamotid1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Definition:

• A control configuration is the information structure


which is used to connect the available
measurements to the available manipulated
variables.

Question 4:

What is the best control configuration for a given


chemical process control situation?

1
• Depending on how many controlled outputs and manipulated inputs we
have in a chemical process, we can distinguish the control configurations
into:
– single-input, single-output (SISO) or
– multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) control systems.

• For example, for the tank heater system:

– If the control objective (controlled output) is to keep the liquid level at a


desired value by manipulating the effluent flow rate, then we have a SISO
system.

– On the contrary, if our control objectives are (more than one) to keep the
level and the temperature of the liquid at desired values, by manipulating
(more than one) the steam flow rate and the effluent flow rate, then we
have a MIMO system.

• In the chemical industry most of the processing systems are multiple


input, multiple-output systems.

2
Feedback control configuration
– Uses direct measurements of the controlled variables to adjust the values of the manipulated variables .
– The objective is to keep the controlled variables at desired levels (set points).

3
Inferential control
configuration
Inferential control configuration:

• Uses secondary measurements, because the controlled variables are not


measured, to adjust the values of the manipulated variables. The
objective here is to keep the (unmeasured) controlled variables at
desired levels.

• The estimator uses the values of the available measured outputs, along
with the material and energy balances that govern the process, to
compute mathematically (estimate) the values of the unmeasured
controlled variables.

• These estimates in turn are used by the controller to adjust the values of
the manipulated variables.

4
5
Feedforward control configuration
• Feedforward control configuration uses direct measurements of the disturbances to adjust
the values of the manipulated variables.
• The objective is to keep the values of the controlled output variables at desired levels.

6
e) Design the Controller
• In every control configuration, the controller is the active element that
receives the information from the measurements and takes appropriate
control actions to adjust the values of the manipulated variables.

• For the design of the controller we may need to make the following
question:

Question 5:
How is the information taken from the measurements used to adjust
the values of the manipulated variables?

• The answer to this question constitutes the control law, which is


implemented automatically by the controller.

7
Process control
strategies:
• Consider the blending system shown.
• Control objective is to obtain an outlet
stream having the desired composition
• Stream 1 is a mixture of two chemical
species A and B.
• Mass flowrate w1 is constant
• Mass fraction of A (x1) varies
• Stream 2 consists of pure A, i.e. x2 =1
• W2 is the manipulated variable
• X1 is the disturbance
• X is controlled variable

8
• How can we keep the outlet composition at
the desired value in front of changes in x1?

• Let us consider several strategies.

9
10
• Two types of feedback:
– Negative feedback: corrective action taken by controller forces
output towards set point.
– Positive feedback: controller pushes the controlled variable away
from the desired value
• Corrective action occurs regardless of the source of
disturbance
• Reduces the sensitivity of the controlled variable to
unmeasured disturbances and process changed
• Takes no corrective action until the disturbance upsets
the process.

11
• Method 2: measure x1 and
adjust w2
• It is a feedforward control strategy
• Distinguishing feature: disturbance
is measured, but not the controlled
variable
• Control action is taken before the
disturbance upsets the controlled
variable
• Requires measurable disturbance
• Perfect process model
• Takes no action against
unmeasurable disturbances

12
• Method 3: measure x1 and x and adjust w2.

• This is a combination of methods 1 and 2.


• More practical
• Feedback: corrective action for unmeasured disturbances
• Feedforward: eliminates measured disturbances

13
• Method 4: use a larger tank

• Fluctuations in x1 will be damped due to the large liquid


amount present in the tank
• Requires increased capital cost

14
Major steps in control system development

15
Hierarchy of process control

16

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