Database Systems

Database Systems
Database Management System

(DBMS)
 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to
use.
 Database Applications:
 Banking: all transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Purpose of Database System
 In the early days, database applications were built on top of file

systems
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
 Data isolation — multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of
program code
 Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Purpose of Database Systems
 Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.) (Cont.)
 Atomicity of updates
 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out
 E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not
happen at all
 Concurrent access by multiple users
 Concurrent accessed needed for performance
 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
– E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
 Security problems
 Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
DATA FILE: Organized Collection of related information is known as data file. For example: Sales dept, purchase
dept, Administrative dept of a particular company maintains their data file.
DATA BASE: Organized collection of related data files or information is called database.
DBMS: It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is
general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and
manipulating the database for various applications.
DATABASE SYSTEM: The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.
Applications of DBMS: Databases are widely used. Some of them are as follows.  Banking-> For customer
information, accounts, loans and banking transactions.  Airlines-> For reservation and scheduled information.
 Universities-> For student, course and grade information.  Credit card transactions-> For purposes on credit
cards and generation of monthly statements.
ADVANTAGE OF DBMS/ PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS:- 1. Reduction of redundancy & inconsistency: Unlike
file processing system in database approach data can be stored at a single place or Centralized control of data
by the Database administrator. It avoids unnecessary duplication of data which saves space and does not
permit inconsistency. 2. Shared data:- A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of
application programs or users. 3. Data independence: Application programs should be as independent as
possible from details of data representation and storage. The DBMS can provide an abstract view of the data to
protect application code from such details. 4. Integrity can be improved: Data integrity refers to validity and
consistency. Data integrity means data should be accurate & consistent. This is done by providing some checks
& constraints. These are the consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. For Example, the
age of an employee can be between 18 to 58 years only. While entering the data for the age of an employee,
Disadvantages of DBMS Although there are many advantages of DBMS, the DBMS may also have some minor disadvantages.
These are: 1. Cost of Hardware & Software: A processor with high speed of data processing and memory of large size is
required to run the DBMS software. It means that you have to upgrade the hardware used for file-based system. Similarly,
DBMS software is also very costly.
Cost of Data Conversion: When a computer file-based system is replaced with a database system, the data stored into data file
must be converted to database file. It is very difficult and costly method to convert data of data files into database. 3. Cost of
Staff Training: Most DBMSs are often complex systems so the training for users to use the DBMS is required. Training is
required at all levels, including programming, application development, and database administration. The organization has to
be paid a lot of amount for the training of staff to run the DBMS. 4. Appointing Technical Staff: The trained technical persons
such as database administrator, application programmers, data entry operators etc are required to handle the DBMS. You
have to pay handsome salaries to these persons. Therefore, the" system cost increases”. 5. Database Damage: In most of the
organizations, all data is integrated into a single database. If database is damaged due to electric failure or database is
corrupted on the storage media, then your valuable data may be lost forever.

Database Systems

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Database Systems

Database Management System

 In the early days, database applications were built on top of file

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