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Unit4 Threads

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Sathvik Reddy
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12 views38 pages

Unit4 Threads

Uploaded by

Sathvik Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thread

Motivati
on
 Most modern applications are
multithreaded
 Multiple
Threads tasks
run within application
with the application can be implemented
separate
by threads
 Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is
light-
weight
 Can simplify code, increase
efficiency
 Kernels are generally multithreaded
Multithreaded Server
Architecture
Word Processor:
A programmer wish to type the text in word processor. Then the
programmer opens a file in a word processor and typing the text
(It is a thread), the text is automatically formatting (It is
another thread). The text automatically specifies the spelling
mistakes (It is another thread), and the file is automatically
saved in the disk (It is another thread).
Benefi
ts
 Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if
part of process is blocked, especially important for user
interfaces
 Resource Sharing – threads share resources of
process, easier than shared memory or message
passing
 Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread
switching lower overhead than context switching
 Scalability – process can take advantage of
multiprocessor architectures
Single and Multithreaded
Processes
Why Threads?

Light Weight
Efficient Communication between the entities
Efficient Context Switching
Thread vs Process
Thread States in Operating Systems
https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pt
hreads/
User Threads and Kernel
Threads
User threads - management done by
user-level threads library
Three primary thread libraries:
POSIX Pthreads
Windows threads
Java threads
Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel
Examples – virtually all general purpose
operating systems, including:
Windows
Solaris
Linux
Tru64 UNIX
Mac OS X
Multithreading
Models
 Many-to-One

 One-to-One

 Many-to-Many
Many-to-
One
 Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel
thread
 One thread blocking causes all to block
 Multiple threads may not run in parallel on
muticore system because only one may be in
kernel at a time
 Few systems currently use this model
 Examples:
 Solaris Green Threads
 GNU Portable Threads
One-to-
One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
 Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread
 More concurrency than many-to-one
 Number of threads per process sometimes restricted
due to overhead
 Examples
 Windows
 Linux
 Solaris 9 and later
Many-to-Many
Model
 Allows many user level threads to be mapped to
many kernel threads
 Allows the operating system to create a sufficient
number of kernel threads
 Solaris prior to version 9
 Windows with the ThreadFiber package
Two-level
Model
 Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to
be
bound to kernel thread
 Examples
 IRIX
 HP-UX
 Tru64 UNIX
 Solaris 8 and earlier

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