Utility 3-WPS

Industry Internship October 27, 2024
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1. Overview of Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU)
Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) is a public company responsible for the distribution and sale of
electrical power in Ethiopia.
It plays a vital role in ensuring that residential, commercial, and industrial customers have
access to reliable and sustainable electricity.
EEU is tasked with overseeing the transmission and distribution of electricity from various
generation points, such as hydropower and renewable energy sources, to consumers across
the country.
With Ethiopia's growing demand for electricity and focus on infrastructure development, EEU
is central to supporting economic growth.
1. Background of EEU
Electric power was introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19th century during the regime of Menelik.
The first generator was given to Menelik around the Year 1898 to light the palace. The first
Hydro Power Plant was constructed on Akaki River in the year 1912 to supply power to small
factories.
To accommodate the new changes in the environment and economy, the Ethiopian Electric
light and Power Authority was transformed to the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO)
as public electric utility enterprise is named in 1997. Currently the corporation is split in to two
companies namely Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) and Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) under
council of Ministers.
Ethiopia’s utility sector is primarily dominated by state-owned enterprises, with the Ethiopian
Electric Power (EEP) and the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) playing central roles in the country’s
energy sector.
 Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP):

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Establishment: EEP was established in 2005 GC following a restructuring of the former

Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) to separate generation and transmission
functions.
Role: EEP is responsible for the generation, transmission, and planning of electric power in
Ethiopia. It oversees large hydropower, wind, and geothermal projects and the national grid. It
also manages the country's energy exports to neighboring nations like Djibouti, Sudan, and
Kenya.
Energy mix: Ethiopia heavily relies on hydroelectric power, which constitutes more than 90% of
its electricity production. The country is also investing in renewable energy sources such as
wind, solar, and geothermal to diversify its energy portfolio.
Projects: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is one of the flagship projects managed
by EEP, aiming to produce 6,000 MW of power and transform the country into a regional
energy hub.
 Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU):
Establishment: Like EEP, EEU was formed from the unbundling of EEPCO in 2013 GC.
Role: EEU handles the distribution of electricity to consumers, customer services, and electricity
infrastructure development within Ethiopia. It is responsible for connecting households and
businesses to the grid, managing the retail side of the power sector.
Challenges: The utility faces issues such as infrastructure constraints, outdated systems,
frequent power outages, and limited electricity access, especially in rural areas. However, the
government is working to expand electricity access as part of the Universal Electrification
Program.
1.1.2 Mission of EEU Company
The mission of the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) is primarily focused on providing reliable,
efficient, and affordable electricity services to all consumers in Ethiopia. The key elements of
EEU’s mission can be outlined as follows:
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 Expanding Electricity Access: To ensure equitable and widespread access to electricity

for all citizens, particularly in rural and underserved areas, as part of Ethiopia’s goal for
universal electrification.
 Enhancing Service Reliability: To improve the reliability and quality of electricity
distribution, minimizing power outages and technical losses in the system.
 Customer-Centric Approach: To deliver high-quality customer service, addressing
consumer needs efficiently and promoting transparency in billing and maintenance
services.
 Promoting Sustainability: To contribute to Ethiopia's energy mix by supporting the
integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into the distribution
system.
1.1.3 Vision of EEU Company
 World-Class Utility: Becoming a world-class utility known for operational excellence,
efficiency, and innovation in electricity distribution and customer service.
 Sustainable Energy Future: Supporting the national energy agenda by integrating
renewable energy sources and contributing to a sustainable, low-carbon energy future
for Ethiopia.
 Regional Leadership: Establishing itself as a regional leader in electricity distribution,
enabling Ethiopia to play a central role in regional power trade and cooperation.
 Technological Advancement: Modernizing and digitizing the electricity distribution
network, using advanced technologies for smart metering, grid management, and
customer services.
 Customer Satisfaction: Prioritizing customer satisfaction by ensuring timely, transparent,
and efficient service delivery to meet the growing energy demands of businesses,
industries, and households.
1.1.4 Values of EEU Company
The Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) upholds several core values that guide its operations and
interactions with customers, employees, and stakeholders. These values include:
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 Customer-Centricity: Placing the needs and satisfaction of customers at the center of all
operations, providing efficient, transparent, and high-quality services.
 Accountability: Taking responsibility for delivering reliable electricity services and
maintaining high standards of performance and transparency in all business practices.
 Integrity: Upholding honesty, fairness, and ethical behavior in all dealings, both
internally and externally, ensuring trust and credibility with stakeholders.
 Innovation: Encouraging innovation and the adoption of new technologies to
improve
service delivery, enhance operational efficiency, and modernize the electricity
distribution network.
 Sustainability: Committing to environmentally responsible practices by supporting the
integration of renewable energy sources and promoting energy efficiency for a
sustainable future.
 Teamwork: Fostering a culture of collaboration and respect within the organization,
recognizing the importance of teamwork to achieve the company’s goals and deliver on
its mission.
1.1.5 Main products or services of EEU Company
The Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) provides several key products and services related to the
distribution and retail of electricity in Ethiopia. These include:
 Electricity Distribution and Supply
Main Service: EEU is responsible for distributing electricity to residential, commercial, industrial,
and institutional consumers across Ethiopia. The utility connects customers to the national grid
and ensures power delivery throughout urban and rural areas.
 New Service Connections
Connection Services: EEU provides new electricity connections for households, businesses, and
industries. This includes installation of meters, wiring inspections, and connection to the
distribution network. The service is aimed at expanding access to electricity, particularly in rural
and underserved areas.
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 Metering and Billing Services
Electricity Meters: EEU installs and manages both pre-paid and post-paid electricity meters for
consumers. Prepaid meters allow customers to pay in advance for electricity usage, while post-
paid meters involve regular billing based on consumption.
Billing: EEU provides monthly or periodic billing services for electricity consumption. Consumers
receive bills based on the amount of electricity used, with different tariffs applied depending on
consumption levels.
 Electricity Maintenance and Outage Management
Maintenance Services: EEU carries out regular maintenance of the electricity distribution
infrastructure, including transformers, substations, and power lines, to ensure stable and
reliable power supply.
Outage Management: EEU responds to power outages and service disruptions, offering repair
and restoration services. The company has teams dedicated to addressing faults and technical
issues within the distribution network.
 Customer Support Services
Customer Care: EEU provides customer service through dedicated support lines, offices, and
online platforms to address consumer inquiries, complaints, and service requests related to
billing, meter issues, or electricity supply.
Technical Assistance: The utility offers technical support for resolving electricity connection
problems, meter malfunctions, or other related issues.
 Energy Efficiency Programs
Promotion of Energy Efficiency: EEU promotes energy conservation and efficiency by educating
consumers on ways to reduce energy consumption and offering programs that encourage the
use of energy-efficient appliances and technologies.
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 Electrification Projects
Rural Electrification: EEU is involved in national efforts to extend the electricity grid to rural
areas as part of the government’s electrification programs. This includes installing power lines,
transformers, and other infrastructure to connect remote communities to the national grid.
 Renewable Energy Integration
For Renewable Energy: Although EEU is primarily focused on distribution, it supports the
integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the grid by collaborating with
Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) and independent power producers (IPPs).
These services are central to EEU’s role in expanding electricity access and improving service
delivery throughout Ethiopia.
 Distribution of electricity through the country
The distribution of electricity in Ethiopia is managed by the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU),
which is responsible for delivering power to consumers across the country. Here's an overview
of how electricity is distributed throughout Ethiopia:
 Challenges in Distribution
Frequent Power Outages: Ethiopia experiences frequent power outages due to issues such as
infrastructure limitations, aging equipment, and capacity constraints. EEU is working to address
these challenges by investing in grid upgrades and maintenance programs.
Technical and Non-Technical Losses: There are significant electricity losses during distribution,
both technical (due to outdated infrastructure) and non-technical (due to theft or illegal
connections). EEU is implementing strategies like smart metering to reduce these losses.
Underdevelopment of Infrastructure: Rural areas and some regions still face inadequate
distribution infrastructure, limiting access to reliable electricity. However, efforts are ongoing to
develop transmission lines and distribution networks to meet growing demand.
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1.2 Department of DCOM

1.2.1 Maintenance
Objective: To ensure the continuous and reliable operation of electrical equipment and systems
through regular inspections, repairs, and upgrades.
 Preventive Maintenance: Regularly scheduled inspections and servicing of equipment to

prevent failures and extend the lifespan of assets. This includes routine checks of
transformers, circuit breakers, and transmission lines.
 Corrective Maintenance: Responding to equipment failures and outages by diagnosing
issues and performing necessary repairs to restore service quickly.

 Condition Monitoring: Utilizing technologies such as thermal imaging and vibration
analysis
to monitor the health of equipment and predict potential failures before they occur.
Figure 1 Maintenance
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1.2.2 Operations
Objective: To manage the day-to-day activities related to the generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity.
 Grid Management: Monitoring and controlling the electrical grid to ensure stable supply
and demand balance. This includes load forecasting and real-time monitoring of grid
conditions.
 Outage Management: Coordinating the response to electrical outages, including
troubleshooting and repair efforts to minimize downtime for customers.
 Safety Protocols: Implementing and adhering to safety procedures to protect personnel
and the public during electrical operations and maintenance activities.
Figure 2 Operations
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1.2.3 Planning
Objective: To strategically plan for the future needs of the electricity system, ensuring that
capacity and infrastructure developments meet demand.
 Load Forecasting: Analyzing historical data and trends to predict future electricity
demand and plan for capacity needs accordingly.
 Infrastructure Development: Identifying areas for new infrastructure projects, such as
substations and transmission lines, to support growth and improve service reliability.
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring that planning efforts align with national energy
policies, regulations, and environmental standards.
1.2.4. Construction
Objective: To develop and expand the physical infrastructure necessary for electricity
generation, transmission, and distribution.
Project Management : Overseeing construction projects, including planning, budgeting, and

scheduling to ensure timely completion within regulatory frameworks.
Quality Assurance: Implementing quality control measures to ensure that construction meets
industry standards and safety regulations.
Collaboration: Coordinating with various stakeholders, including contractors, government

agencies, and community representatives, to facilitate smooth project execution.
1.2.5 Switchgear Management

Objective: To ensure the safe and reliable operation of switchgear systems, which are
critical
for controlling and protecting electrical equipment.
Installation and Maintenance: Overseeing the installation, inspection, and maintenance of

switchgear, including circuit breakers, disconnect switches, and protective relays.
Testing and Commissioning: Conducting performance tests on switchgear systems to ensure

they operate correctly under various conditions.
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Upgrades and Retrofits: Implementing modern technologies and upgrades to improve the
performance and safety of existing switchgear systems.
Figure 3 Switchgear
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CHAPTER TWO
1. Training and Employee Information

At Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), employee training and development play a crucial role in
ensuring the organization’s ability to meet its goals of reliable electricity distribution and
expanding access across the country. Here’s an overview of training and employee information
at EEU:
1. Employee Development and Training Programs

Technical Training: EEU places a strong emphasis on technical training to equip its employees
with the necessary skills for managing, maintaining, and operating the power distribution
infrastructure. This includes training in areas like:
 Power line construction and maintenance.

 Transformer installation and maintenance.
 Metering systems, including smart meter technology.
 Power system automation and grid management.
 Customer Service Training: Given the importance of delivering quality services to
customers, EEU regularly conducts training for employees in customer service roles.
 This training includes: Handling customer inquiries and complaints.
 Billing and metering processes.
 Communication and interpersonal skills to improve customer interactions.
 Leadership and Management Training: EEU also focuses on developing the leadership
and managerial capabilities of its employees. Programs are designed to improve
management skills, strategic thinking, and decision-making among supervisors,
managers, and executives. These trainings ensure that EEU is led by a capable and
forward-thinking management team.
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2. Partnerships for Capacity Building

Local and International Collaboration: EEU partners with both local institutions and
international organizations to enhance its training programs. Collaborations with international
development organizations, such as the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and other
donor agencies, provide funding and technical expertise for capacity-building programs.
Higher Education Institutions: EEU often works with local universities and technical institutes to
train and certify employees in specialized fields like electrical engineering, power systems
management, and renewable energy technology.
3. In-House Training Facilities

 Training Centers: EEU operates its own training centers equipped with the necessary
tools and resources for hands-on learning in various technical and managerial disciplines.
These centers provide continuous professional development for new hires and existing
employees.
 Workshops and On-the-Job Training: Employees undergo on-the-job training that allows
them to gain practical experience by working alongside skilled technicians and engineers
in real-world scenarios. This type of training helps employees apply what they’ve
learned in classroom settings to actual tasks.
2.1.4 Employee Information

 Workforce Size: EEU employs a large number of people across the country, covering a
variety of roles in technical, administrative, and customer service functions. As the
organization grows and expands its services, the workforce continues to grow to meet
demand.
 Diversity: The utility strives to promote gender diversity and inclusivity, though
traditionally, the energy sector in Ethiopia has been male-dominated. There are ongoing
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efforts to increase the participation of women in technical and leadership roles within
EEU.
 Skill Development: EEU focuses on continuous skill development through in-house and
external training programs to ensure that employees keep up with new technologies
and practices in the energy sector.
2.1.5 Employee Welfare

 Health and Safety Measures: EEU provides healthcare services and safety programs to
protect employees, particularly those working in high-risk environments such as
electrical grid maintenance and field operations.
 Employee Benefits: As a public utility, EEU offers its employees a range of benefits,
including pension plans, insurance, and allowances for fieldwork. These benefits aim to
enhance employee welfare and job satisfaction.
 Work-Life Balance: EEU has policies in place to promote a healthy work-life balance,
which includes regular working hours, annual leave, and policies on family and medical
leave.
2.1.6 Talent Retention and Recruitment

 Recruitment: EEU regularly recruits engineers, technicians, customer service agents,
and
administrative staff to meet the growing demands of the organization. Recruitment is
typically done through public advertisements and direct engagement with technical
institutions.
 Talent Retention: To retain skilled workers, EEU provides career advancement
opportunities through promotions, further education support, and competitive salaries
within the public sector framework.
2.2 Major Duties We Performed in the Company

At Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), employees and departments perform a wide range of duties
that are essential for the efficient distribution of electricity and the smooth operation of the
utility. The major duties performed in the company can be categorized as follows:
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2.2.1 Electricity Distribution Management

 Power Distribution: Ensuring the continuous and reliable distribution of electricity to
residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional customers across Ethiopia. This
includes managing the medium- and low-voltage networks.
 Load Management: Monitoring and managing the electricity load to balance supply and
demand, preventing overloads on the system and ensuring stable voltage levels.
 Infrastructure Development: Planning, constructing, and maintaining the distribution
infrastructure, including power lines, transformers, and substations, to expand coverage
and improve service quality.
2.2.2 Metering and Billing

 Meter Installation: Installing and maintaining both pre-paid and post-paid electricity
meters for consumers. This also includes the upgrading of traditional meters to smart
meters to improve billing accuracy and reduce electricity theft.
 Billing operations: generating and delivering accurate bills to customers based on their
electricity consumption. This includes managing pre-paid systems, where customers pay
for electricity in advance.
 Revenue Collection: Ensuring that customers pay their bills on time, managing payment
systems, and handling overdue payments or disconnections for non-payment.
2.2.3 Customer Service and Support

 Handling customer inquiries: addressing customer complaints, queries, and requests
regarding billing, connection issues, meter problems, or power outages through various
service channels.
 New Service Connections: Processing requests for new electricity connections,
conducting inspections, and providing technical support to connect households,
businesses, and industries to the electricity grid.
 Outreach Programs: Educating customers about energy conservation, safety, and how
to effectively use electricity, as well as promoting EEU’s services and programs.
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2.2.4 Power Outage and Maintenance Management

 Outage Response: Responding to power outages and technical disruptions, diagnosing
and repairing faults in the distribution network. This duty involves emergency repairs
and restoration of electricity as quickly as possible.
 Preventive Maintenance: Conducting routine inspections and maintenance of power
distribution equipment and infrastructure, such as power lines, transformers, and
substations, to prevent unexpected outages or failures.
 Fault Detection: Using monitoring systems to detect faults or weaknesses in the grid and
addressing issues before they lead to service interruptions.
2.2.5 Rural Electrification and Expansion Projects

 Grid Expansion: Extending the electricity distribution network to new areas, particularly
rural and underserved regions, in line with Ethiopia’s National Electrification Program
(NEP) to provide universal access to electricity.
 Off-Grid Solutions: Implementing off-grid systems like solar home solutions and mini-
grids in areas that are difficult to connect to the national grid, ensuring that rural
communities have access to clean energy.
 Project Management: Planning and managing electrification projects, coordinating with
government agencies, international donors, and contractors to complete projects on
time and within budget.
2.2.6 Technical Operations and Grid Management

 Grid Monitoring: Continuously monitoring the distribution grid for voltage fluctuations,
system load, and faults to ensure the stable operation of the grid.
 System Upgrades: Upgrading the distribution network to accommodate increasing
electricity demand, improve service reliability, and reduce technical losses in the grid.
 Power Quality Management: Ensuring the quality of electricity supplied to consumers by
maintaining proper voltage levels and preventing power surges or interruptions.
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2.2.7 Safety and Compliance

 Occupational Health and Safety: Ensuring that all employees adhere to safety protocols,
particularly those working on high-voltage equipment and in the field. This involves
providing safety training, protective equipment, and regular safety drills.
 Environmental compliance: Making sure that all activities related to the expansion and
operation of the distribution network comply with environmental standards, including
minimizing the environmental impact of operations.
2.2.8 Human Resources and Capacity Building

 Employee Training: Providing continuous professional development through technical,
customer service, and management training programs to enhance the skills and
expertise of the workforce.
 Talent Management: Managing the recruitment, development, and retention of skilled
employees to ensure the company has the necessary talent to meet its operational
needs and future goals.
 Workforce Safety and Welfare: Managing employee welfare programs, including health
and safety measures, and ensuring compliance with labor regulations.
 Technology Upgrades: Introducing new technologies such as advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI), digital tools for grid monitoring, and renewable energy integration
systems.
2.3 Quality that we were developed from our daily

duties.
The daily duties at Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) help employees develop a range of
professional and personal qualities. These qualities are critical for effective performance,
fostering a strong work culture, and contributing to the company’s mission of providing reliable
electricity services across the country. Here are some key qualities developed from daily duties:
2.3.1 Technical Expertise

Employees, particularly those involved in field operations and infrastructure maintenance,
develop strong technical skills in areas such as electrical systems, power distribution, grid
management, and troubleshooting. This expertise is essential for ensuring operational
efficiency and minimizing power outages.
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2.3.2 Problem-Solving Skills

Dealing with power outages, equipment failures, and customer service challenges sharpens
employees’ ability to identify issues quickly and come up with effective solutions. Whether it’s
diagnosing a fault in the grid or addressing a customer’s complaint, daily tasks build a strong
capacity for problem-solving.
3. Customer-Centric Focus
Customer service roles and field operations enhance a focus on customer satisfaction.
Employees learn to prioritize customer needs, respond efficiently to complaints, and provide
helpful solutions, building strong communication and service skills. This also promotes empathy
and a customer-first mindset.
4. Teamwork and Collaboration

The complexity of power distribution and the need for coordinated responses to emergencies
require teamwork. Employees at EEU often work in teams—whether it's field technicians fixing
an outage or office staff processing service requests—strengthening collaboration and
collective problem-solving abilities.
5. Adaptability and Flexibility

The dynamic nature of electricity distribution, with unexpected power outages or shifts in
demand, develops adaptability in employees. They learn to adjust to sudden changes in the
work environment, such as urgent repair needs or fluctuating electricity loads, while
maintaining productivity.
6. Time Management and Efficiency

Meeting daily responsibilities, such as responding to service calls, handling customer
requests,
and managing technical repairs, helps employees develop strong time management skills.
Completing tasks efficiently within deadlines, especially in customer-facing and field roles, is
key to ensuring service reliability.
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7. Attention to Detail
Working on electrical systems, metering installations, billing processes, and other operational
aspects requires meticulous attention to detail. Small errors in these areas could lead to larger
issues, so employees develop the habit of working carefully and ensuring precision in their tasks.
8. Accountability and Responsibility

The critical nature of electricity services means that employees are held accountable for their
work, especially when it comes to handling power outages or resolving customer complaints.
Daily duties instill a sense of responsibility, making employees more conscientious and
dedicated to delivering quality service.
9. Leadership and Decision-Making

Supervisory roles and decision-making in operational contexts (such as managing outages,
coordinating teams, or planning new connections) build leadership skills. Employees learn to
take initiative, make informed decisions, and guide teams to achieve results, preparing them for
more senior roles within the organization.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 The Main Component of our work Section Equipment

The main components of equipment used in the work sections at Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU)
typically revolve around the tools and infrastructure required for electricity distribution,
maintenance, and customer service. These components can be categorized into several key
areas:
1. Transformers
Types of Transformers:
Transformers are classified

into different aspects
depending on the
following considerations.
 Depending on
construction
 Depending on
applications
Depending on construction
Under this consideration

transformer is grouped in to
two parts namely:
 Core type
transformer
 Shell type
transformer
Figure
Figure 4 Core
5 Core and
and shell
shell type
type transformer
transformer
Core type Transformer: The coils used are form wound and they are of the form circular, oval,
or rectangular and the circular cylindrical coils are used in most of the core type transformer
because of their mechanical strength. Main properties are:
 The winding surrounds considerable parts of steel core.
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 Requires less iron but more conductor material.
 Concentric coils and poor voltage regulation.
 The vertical portions of the core are usually called limbs or legs and the top and
bottomportions are called yoke.
 Most of the flux is confined to high permeability core.
Shell type Transformer: In this type of transformer the steel core surrounds a major part
of the windings. Main properties are:
 Better voltage regulation
 Used for low voltage, low power level
 Has three-legged core.
 The low voltage and high voltage windings are wound over the central limb
and are interleaved or sandwiched.
 The flux in the central limb divides equally and returns through the outer two legs.
Depending on application
Based on applications transformers are grouped into the following types
 Power transformer.
 Auxiliary transformer.
 Earthing transformer.
 Distribution transformer.
 Instrument transformer/ special transformers.
 Auto transformer.
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Power Transformer: Power transformer is a type of transformer that is used to convert.
In bound electricity or voltage to a higher or lower value to accommodate the current flow
needed for specific purposes. Power transformers are a normal component in the power grids of
many nations, making it possible to regulate the transfer of power to residences and commercial
building without overloading the circuit in those structures. From this perspective, the
transformer can also be viewed as a safety feature that reduces some of the risk associated with
utilizing electrical current in those settings. The two main functions of a power transformer are to
transfer electrical current from a source to a destination, and to regulate the voltage of that
current before it reaches the intended destination.
Auxiliary Transformer: Auxiliary transformer is types of transformers which gives service

only the compound of the Substations. Auxiliary transformer is used to supply low voltage for
AC power system inside substation such as lighting, air conditioners and otherAC supply system
and DC power system such as protection relays, batteries [6].
Figure 6 Auxiliary Transformer
Earthing Transformer: Earthing transformer is used stabilize an external earth fault on the
delta side of star-delta power transformer. In cases where the neutral point of three phase system
is not accessible like the system connected to the delta connected side of an electrical power
transformer, an artificial neutral point may be created with help of a zigzag connected earthing
transformer. In normal condition of the system, the voltage across the winding of the earthing
transformer is 1/√3 times of rated per phase voltage of the system but when single line to ground
fault occurs on any phase of the system, zero sequence component of the earth fault current
flows in the earth and returns to the electrical power system by way of earth star point of the
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earthing transformer. Generally, the time interval, for which transformer designed to carry the
maximum fault current through it safely, is taken as 30 second.
Figure 7 Earthing Transformer

Instrument Transformers: The instrument transformer is a static device utilized for reduction
of higher currents and voltages for safe and practical usage which are measurable with
instruments such as digital multi-meter etc. The transformers are also used for actuation of AC
protective relay through supporting voltage and current. Instrument transformers are used.
 To isolate the high voltage circuit from the measuring circuit in order to
protect the measuring instruments from burning.
 To make it possible to measure the high voltage with low range voltmeter
and high current with low range ammeter.
 These instrument transformers are also used in controlling and protecting

circuits, to operate relays, circuit breakers etc.
 The working of these transformers is similar as that of ordinary transformers.
 The only main drawback is that these instruments cannot be used in DC circuits.
The instrument transformer is also grouped into two types namely:
 Current transformer and
 Voltage or potential transformer
Current Transformer (CT): The Current Transformer is a type of instrument transformer that
is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to
the current being measured in its primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a
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much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current
flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter. The basic principle of the current
transformer is the same as that of the power transformer. Like the power transformer, the current
transformer also contains a primary and a secondary winding. Whenever an alternating current
flow through the primary winding, alternating magnetic flux is produced, this then induces
alternating current in the secondary winding. In the case of current transformers, the load
impedance or “burden” is very small. Therefore, the current transformer operates under short
circuit conditions. Also, the current in the secondary winding does not depend on load
impedance but instead depends on the current flowing in the primary winding. The current
transformer basically consists of an iron core upon which primary and secondary windings are
wound. The primary winding of the transformer is connected in series with the load and carries
the actual current flowing to the load, while the secondary winding is connected to a measuring
device or a relay. The number of secondary turns is proportional to the current flowing through
the primary, i.e., the larger the magnitude of current flowing through the primary, more the
number ofsecondary turns. The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the
current transformation ratio of the CT. Usually the current transformation ratio of the CT is high.
Normally the secondary ratings are of the order 5A, 1A, 0.1A, whereas the primary ratings vary
from 10A to 3000A or more. The CT handles much less power. Rated burden can be defined as
the product of current and voltage at the secondary side of the CT. It is measured in volt ampere
(VA). The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its rated burden
while current is flowing in the primary. As the primary current is independent of the secondary
current, the entire primary current acts as a magnetizing current when secondary is opened. This
results in deep saturation of the core, which cannot return to normal state and so the CT is no
longer usable. Current transformer supplies the protective relays with currents of magnitude
proportional to those of power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude. The measuring
device cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies. Hence current
transformers are used to supply those devices with currents of magnitude proportional to those of
power. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from high voltage
circuit. The following are the applications [8]:
 Current transformers are used in panel board of substation or grid station to

measure thebus bar current which is very high.
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 Current transformers are widely used in power measuring circuits. The current
coil of thewattmeter relates to CT.
 Current transformers are also used in power houses, substations etc. in

conjunction withthe relays.
Figure 8 Current Transformer
Potential Transformer (PT): It is used for taking samples of high voltages of a system for
providing low voltage to the relays of protection system and to the low-rating meters for voltage
measurement. From this low voltage measurement, the actual system’s high voltage can be
calculated without measuring high voltages directly to avoid the cost of the measurement system.
Primary of this transformer is connected across the phases. Its primary consists of large number
of turns while its secondary has fewer numbers of turns. The system voltage is applied across the
terminals of primary winding of PT, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across
the secondary terminals of the PT. Generally, this type of transformer enables to determine
voltage level that comes from main station. The few important points are kept in mind [8]:
 The output of PT’s is very small and the size of PT is comparatively large, so there
is noproblem of temperature.
 The size of the core of the PT is larger as compared to power transformers.
 The material of core should be of high permeability to reduce the iron losses or
to reducethe ratio error and phase angle error.
24
 The primary and secondary windings are co-axial to reduce the leakage reactance.
Figure 9 Potential Transformer
Autotransformer: An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. In an

autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary and secondary sides of the
transformer. In contrast, an ordinary transformer has separate primary and secondary windings
which are not electrically connected. The winding has at least three taps where electrical
connections are made. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the
advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual winding transformers,
but the disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation between primary and secondary circuits.
Other advantages of autotransformers include lower leakage reactance, lower losses, lower
excitation current, and increased VA rating for a given size and mass.
Components of Transformers:
 Core: Made of iron or steel, the core supports the windings and helps to direct the
magnetic field.
 Windings: Coils of wire that carry the electrical current, consisting of a primary winding
(connected to the input voltage) and a secondary winding (connected to the output).
 Insulation: Ensures electrical isolation between the windings and between the windings
and the core.
25
 Cooling System: In larger transformers, oil or air is used to cool the transformer and
dissipate heat generated during operation.
Transformer Functions in the Electrical Grid:
 Voltage Regulation: Transformers step up voltage for transmission to reduce energy

losses over long distances, and step down voltage for safe distribution to homes and
businesses.
 Load Distribution: Transformers balance the load across different areas in the grid,
ensuring consistent electricity supply.
 Safety: Transformers isolate different parts of the electrical system, helping to prevent
electrical faults from spreading across the grid.
Maintenance of Transformers:
 Oil Testing: In oil-filled transformers, the oil acts as an insulator and coolant. Periodic
testing helps detect contamination or breakdown of the oil.
 Thermal Scanning: Identifies hot spots or overheating in transformers, which can
indicate underlying problems.

 Bushing and Tap Changer Inspection: Ensures that the connections and voltage
regulators are functioning properly.
Transformers play a crucial role in both the transmission and distribution of electricity, ensuring
efficient and safe delivery of power throughout the electrical network.
 Power Lines (Cables and Conductors): These are the cables and overhead lines that
distribute electricity from substations to homes, businesses, and industries. Different
types of cables (e.g., low-voltage and medium-voltage) are used based on the specific
distribution needs.
 Distribution Poles: Utility poles support overhead power lines and associated
equipment such as transformers and insulators. They are a core part of the physical
infrastructure for delivering electricity.
26
 Switchgear: This equipment controls the flow of electricity in the grid by isolating parts
of the system for maintenance or rerouting power in case of faults. It includes circuit
breakers, disconnect switches, and protection relays.
 Capacitors and Reactors: These are used to regulate voltage levels and improve power
quality within the distribution network by reducing voltage fluctuations and improving
efficiency.
3.1.2 Substation Equipment

 Circuit Breakers: These devices automatically interrupt the flow of electricity when a
fault is detected, protecting equipment and preventing outages from escalating.
Figure 10 Circuit Breakers
27
Figure 11 Circuit Breakers

 Voltage Regulators: Used to maintain consistent voltage levels in the distribution
network, ensuring that customers receive a stable power supply.
 Transformers (Power and Distribution): Substations are equipped with transformers
that either step down voltage for distribution or step up voltage for transmission,
depending on their location in the network.
 Bus bars: These are metallic strips or bars within substations that allow for the efficient
transfer of electricity between different circuits.
3.1.3 Metering and Billing Equipment

 Electricity Meters (Smart and Traditional): Meters measure electricity consumption by
customers. Smart meters provide real-time data, enable remote readings, and reduce
human error in billing.
 Prepaid Meters: These allow customers to pay in advance for electricity, reducing the
administrative load on EEU for bill collection and improving cash flow.
 Meter Boxes: These protective enclosures house electricity meters and other related
devices, protecting them from tampering and environmental damage.
28
 Billing Systems: Software and computer systems used to process consumption data
from meters, generate bills, and manage customer accounts.
3.1.4 Maintenance Tools and Equipment

 Insulated Tools: Electricians and line workers use insulated tools (such as wrenches,
pliers, and screwdrivers) to safely work on live electrical equipment.
 Ladders and Climbing Gear: These are used by field technicians to access overhead
power lines and equipment on utility poles.
 Testing Equipment: Electrical testers, multimeters, and power quality analyzers are
essential for diagnosing problems in the grid, checking voltage levels, and ensuring that
installations meet safety standards.
 A Megger is an electrical instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of
electrical components like cables, transformers, and motors. This is essential to ensure
safety and to prevent potential failures by checking for any leaks or deteriorations in
insulation.The Megger applies a high DC voltage (typically between 500V and 5kV)
across the insulation of the component under test.The device measures the small
amount of current that leaks through the insulation. High insulation resistance results in
very low current, while low insulation resistance indicates a potential fault.
Using Ohm’s Law, the Megger calculates the resistance value by dividing the applied
voltage by the measured leakage current. This value is displayed in megaohms (MΩ).
High resistance indicates good insulation, while low resistance can indicate damaged or
compromised insulation.
29
Figure 12 Megger
 Grounding and Earthing Equipment: Equipment used to safely discharge electricity
during maintenance, ensuring that workers are protected from electrical hazards.
 Protective Gear (PPE): Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets, gloves,
safety boots, and insulating clothing are essential for safety, especially for those working
with high-voltage systems.
3.1.5 Customer Service Equipment

 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software: Software used by customer
service representatives to track customer interactions, complaints, service requests, and
billing information.
 Call Center Equipment: Includes phone systems, computers, and headsets used to
handle customer inquiries and service issues.
 Mobile Devices: Field technicians use mobile devices to receive and manage service
requests, record customer data, and report on work completed.
3.1.6. Safety and Protection Equipment

 Surge Protectors: Installed within the grid and at customer premises to protect
equipment from power surges and lightning strikes.
 Fuses and Circuit Breakers: Protect distribution equipment from short circuits and
overloading by automatically cutting off the power when issues are detected.
30
 Grounding Systems: Grounding rods and systems used to safely discharge electrical
currents into the earth, preventing shocks and equipment damage.
 Arc Flash Protection: Specialized clothing and equipment to protect workers from arc
flash hazards during high-voltage work.
3.1.8 Transport and Logistics Equipment

 Utility Vehicles: Specialized trucks and vans equipped with tools and equipment for
field
technicians to carry out repairs, installations, and maintenance tasks.
 Lifting and Hoisting Equipment: Cranes and hoists are used to lift heavy transformers,
poles, and other large components during installation or maintenance work.
3.1.9 Type of Faults

In the context of electrical distribution and utility operations, various types of faults can occur
in the electrical network. These faults can impact the reliability and safety of electricity supply.
Understanding these faults is essential for effective maintenance, troubleshooting, and
ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment. Here are the main types of faults commonly
encountered in electrical systems:
 Short Circuit Faults
Description: A short circuit occurs when there is an unintended connection between two points
in the electrical circuit, leading to a sudden surge of current. This can be caused by insulation
failure, equipment malfunction, or external factors (e.g., falling trees).
Types:
 Single Line-to-Ground Fault: One phase conductor contacts the ground, causing a fault
current to flow through the ground.
 Line-to-Line Fault: Two phase conductors come into direct contact, creating a fault
current between them.
 Double Line-to-Ground Fault: Two phase conductors contact the ground, leading to fault
current flowing through both phases and the ground.
31
 Three-Phase Fault: All three phase conductors come into contact with each other or
with the ground, creating a high level of fault current.
 Open Circuit Faults
Description: An open circuit fault occurs when a break or disconnection happens in the
electrical circuit, preventing current from flowing. This can result from damaged cables, broken
conductors, or faulty connections.
Impact: Open circuits can cause the loss of power to a section of the network, leading to
outages for connected customers.
 Ground Faults
Description: Ground faults occur when an electrical current unintentionally flows to the ground
due to insulation failure or other issues. This can happen when live conductors come into
contact with conductive materials or ground.
Impact: Ground faults can create safety hazards for workers and customers, and they can also
damage equipment.
 Overload Faults
Description: An overload fault occurs when the current flowing through a conductor exceeds its
rated capacity for an extended period. This can be caused by excessive load on the system,
equipment failure, or poor design.
Impact: Overloads can lead to overheating of conductors, equipment damage, and potential
fires.
 Transient Faults
Description: Transient faults are temporary faults that occur due to momentary disturbances,
such as lightning strikes or switching operations. These faults may cause a temporary
interruption in power but typically self-clear.
32
Impact: While often not damaging, transient faults can cause nuisance tripping of protective
devices and affect the quality of supply.
 Voltage Swell and Sag
Voltage Swell:
Description: A voltage swell is a temporary increase in voltage above the normal operating level,
often caused by sudden changes in load, capacitor switching, or faults in the system.
Impact: Swells can damage sensitive electronic equipment and cause operational issues in
industrial settings.
Voltage Sag:
Description: A voltage sag is a short-duration decrease in voltage, usually caused by a sudden

increase in load, equipment failure, or faults in the system.
Impact: Sags can cause sensitive equipment to malfunction or shut down.
 Harmonics Faults
Description: Harmonics are voltage or current waveforms that distort the normal sinusoidal
waveform due to non-linear loads (like computers and variable frequency drives). This can lead
to overheating, increased losses, and malfunctions in electrical equipment.
Impact: Harmonics can affect the performance and lifespan of electrical devices and cause
issues in power quality.
 Phase Imbalance Faults
Description: Phase imbalance occurs when the current or voltage in one phase of a three-phase
system is significantly different from that in the other phases. This can result from uneven load
distribution or equipment failure.
33
Impact: Phase imbalance can lead to overheating of equipment, reduced efficiency, and
potential equipment damage.
 Equipment Failures
Description: Equipment failures can occur in transformers, switchgear, circuit breakers, and
other components of the electrical system. These failures can be due to manufacturing defects,
aging, poor maintenance, or environmental conditions.
Impact: Equipment failures can lead to outages, safety hazards, and costly repairs.
3.2 Major Duties of the Internship

During an internship at Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), interns typically engage in various duties
that provide valuable hands-on experience in the electric utility sector. Here are some major
duties that interns might perform during their internship:
3.1.7. Automation and Monitoring Systems

 SCADA Systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): Used for monitoring
and
controlling the distribution network in real-time, SCADA systems allow EEU to remotely
detect issues and adjust power distribution as needed.
 Smart Grid Technology: Components such as smart meters, sensors, and automated
switchgear that enable advanced monitoring and control of the electricity distribution
network, improving efficiency and reducing downtime.
 Load Management Systems: Software and hardware that monitor electricity usage
patterns and help balance supply and demand to prevent overloading the grid.
3.2.1 Assisting with Electrical Maintenance and Repairs

 Field Support: Accompanying technicians in the field to assist with the
maintenance and
repair of electrical distribution systems, including transformers, circuit breakers, and
power lines.
 Equipment Inspection: Participating in the inspection and testing of electrical equipment
to ensure functionality and safety standards are met.
34
3.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis

 Field Data Gathering: Collecting data on electricity usage, outages, and equipment
performance from various sites to assist in operational assessments.
 Report Preparation: Assisting in compiling reports based on collected data, highlighting
trends, issues, and areas for improvement.
3.2.3 Customer Service and Support

 Customer Interaction: Engaging with customers to address inquiries about services,
billing issues, and power outages, under the guidance of customer service
representatives.
 Service Requests: Assisting in processing new service requests, meter installations, and
service disconnections.
3.2.4 Technical Documentation and Record Keeping

 Documentation: Helping to maintain accurate records of maintenance activities, service
requests, and equipment status in databases or spreadsheets.
 Manuals and Guides: Assisting in the development or updating of technical manuals,
safety guides, and operational procedures.
3.2.5 Participation in Safety Training

 Safety Protocols: Learning about and adhering to safety protocols when working
with
electrical systems and in the field, including proper use of personal protective
equipment (PPE).
 Safety Drills: Participating in safety drills and training sessions to understand
emergency
response procedures.
3.2.6 Project Support

 Project Involvement: Supporting various electrification projects, including
rural
electrification initiatives or network expansion projects by helping with planning and
execution.
 Material Management: Assisting in the management of project materials, including
inventory tracking and equipment allocation.

35
3.2.7 Technical Support and Troubleshooting

 Troubleshooting Assistance: Helping technicians diagnose and troubleshoot electrical
faults or customer complaints under supervision.
 Testing Equipment: Learning to use diagnostic tools and testing equipment to measure
voltage, current, and resistance in circuits.
3.3 Challenges we have faced and measures we have

During an internship at Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU), interns may encounter various
challenges that arise in the context of working in the electrical utility sector. Addressing these
challenges is essential for personal and professional development. Here are some common
challenges faced by interns and the measures taken to overcome them:
Challenges Faced
 Limited Practical Experience
Description: Interns may initially struggle with the technical aspects of electrical systems and
equipment due to limited hands-on experience.
Measures: Seeking guidance from mentors and experienced technicians, attending training
sessions, and participating in hands-on workshops to gain practical knowledge and confidence.
 Safety Concerns
Description: Working in the electrical utility sector poses inherent safety risks, especially when
dealing with high-voltage equipment and installations.
Measures: Strict adherence to safety protocols and the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE). Participating in safety drills and training to ensure preparedness for emergency situations.
 Complex Technical Systems
Description: The intricacies of electrical distribution systems, including circuit configurations

and equipment specifications, can be overwhelming for interns.
36
Measures: Taking time to study system diagrams, asking questions, and working closely with
knowledgeable staff to better understand the technical components and operations.
 Time Management
Description: Balancing multiple tasks and responsibilities can be challenging, especially when
working on projects with tight deadlines.
Measures: Developing a personal time management plan, prioritizing tasks, and communicating
effectively with supervisors about workload and deadlines.
 Communication Barriers
Description: Interacting with customers or colleagues from diverse backgrounds may present
language or cultural communication barriers.
Measures: Actively working on communication skills, seeking clarification when needed, and
being patient and respectful in interactions to foster understanding.
 Data Management Issues
Description: Handling large volumes of data for projects or reporting can lead to errors and
inconsistencies, especially for interns who are not yet familiar with the processes.
Measures: Implementing organized data entry practices, using templates and software tools to
reduce errors, and double-checking work before submission.
 Resistance to New Ideas
Description: Proposing innovative ideas or suggestions may be met with skepticism or

resistance from more experienced staff accustomed to traditional methods.
Measures: Building rapport with colleagues, presenting ideas thoughtfully with supporting
evidence, and being open to feedback to improve proposals.
37
 Adapting to Work Culture
Description: Interns may find it challenging to adjust to the workplace culture, including
expectations, norms, and communication styles.
Measures: Observing and learning from colleagues, seeking mentorship, and asking for
feedback to better align with the workplace environment.
 Understanding Regulations and Compliance
Description: Familiarizing oneself with the regulatory framework and compliance requirements
in the electric utility sector can be daunting.
Measures: Engaging in training sessions, studying relevant regulations, and consulting with
compliance officers to gain a clearer understanding.
 Technical Failures or Outages
Description: Interns may experience first-hand the challenges posed by technical failures or
outages during fieldwork, impacting project timelines.
Measures: Learning to respond effectively to outages, including troubleshooting techniques,

coordinating with field teams, and understanding fault management procedures.
38
CHAPTER 4
4.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. Conclusion
The internship experience at Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) provides a comprehensive
opportunity for personal and professional growth within the electric utility sector. Through
exposure to various departments such as generation, transmission, distribution, customer
service, and technical services, interns gain valuable insights into the operations of a major
utility provider. The challenges faced, including limited practical experience, safety concerns,
and communication barriers, are balanced by measures taken to enhance learning and
effectiveness. By actively engaging with experienced professionals, adhering to safety protocols,
and developing technical skills, interns can contribute positively to the organization's objectives
while preparing themselves for future careers in the industry.
EEU plays a crucial role in supporting Ethiopia’s economic growth and development through the
provision of reliable and sustainable electricity. The organization's commitment to enhancing
service delivery and expanding access to electricity is vital for meeting the country's increasing
energy demands. As the utility sector evolves, continued investment in infrastructure, training,
and technology will be essential for maintaining efficiency and reliability.
2. Recommendations
 Enhanced Training Programs:
Recommendation: Develop structured training programs that provide interns and new
employees with hands-on experience in electrical systems, safety protocols, and customer
service practices. This will help bridge the gap between theory and practical application.
 Mentorship Opportunities:
Recommendation: Implement a mentorship program where experienced employees can guide

interns and new staff, fostering knowledge transfer and professional development. This would
enhance the learning experience and facilitate smoother integration into the workplace.
39
 Safety Culture Improvement:
Recommendation: Strengthen the safety culture within EEU by conducting regular safety drills,
workshops, and awareness campaigns. This will help reinforce the importance of safety
practices and minimize workplace hazards.
 Communication Skills Development:
Recommendation: Provide training sessions focused on improving communication skills,

particularly for customer service representatives. This will enhance interaction with customers
and reduce misunderstandings.
 Investment in Technology:
Recommendation: Continue investing in modern technologies and tools that improve

operational efficiency, data management, and customer engagement. Implementing advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI) and smart grid technologies can significantly enhance service
delivery.
 Regular Feedback Mechanisms:
Recommendation: Establish regular feedback mechanisms for interns and employees to share
their experiences, challenges, and suggestions for improvement. This will promote a culture of
continuous improvement and employee engagement.
 Research and Development Initiatives:
Recommendation: Increase focus on research and development initiatives that explore

renewable energy sources and innovative solutions to enhance energy efficiency. Collaborating
with educational institutions can foster innovation and address future energy challenges.
 Community Engagement Programs:
40
Recommendation: Strengthen community outreach programs to educate the public about

energy conservation, safety, and the importance of electricity in everyday life. Engaging with
communities will enhance EEU’s reputation and foster public support.
Summary
In summary, the internship experience at Ethiopian Electric Utility provides a valuable platform
for learning and development in the electric utility sector. By addressing challenges and
implementing the recommended measures, EEU can enhance its operations, improve employee
satisfaction, and contribute effectively to the nation's energy needs.
41
REFERENCES
1. V.K.Mehta, “principles of Power System“, Ram Nasar, 2nd edition, 2005. 56
2. Winders, John “Power Transformer Principles and Application, (2002).
3. Company manuals how to operate and the working principles of equipment’s.
4. www. .Ethiopian Electric Power.
5. Menta., V.K. “Principles of power system”, 1996
42

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Industry Internship October 27, 2024

 Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP):

Establishment: EEP was established in 2005 GC following a restructuring of the former

 Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU):

1.1.2 Mission of EEU Company

 Expanding Electricity Access: To ensure equitable and widespread access to electricity

1.1.4 Values of EEU Company

1.1.5 Main products or services of EEU Company

 Electricity Distribution and Supply

 New Service Connections

 Metering and Billing Services

 Electricity Maintenance and Outage Management

 Customer Support Services

 Energy Efficiency Programs

 Renewable Energy Integration

 Distribution of electricity through the country

1.2 Department of DCOM

 Preventive Maintenance: Regularly scheduled inspections and servicing of equipment to

issues and performing necessary repairs to restore service quickly.

and the public during electrical operations and maintenance activities.

Project Management : Overseeing construction projects, including planning, budgeting, and

Collaboration: Coordinating with various stakeholders, including contractors, government

1.2.5 Switchgear Management

Installation and Maintenance: Overseeing the installation, inspection, and maintenance of

Testing and Commissioning: Conducting performance tests on switchgear systems to ensure

1. Training and Employee Information

1. Employee Development and Training Programs

 Power line construction and maintenance.

2. Partnerships for Capacity Building

3. In-House Training Facilities

2.1.4 Employee Information

2.1.5 Employee Welfare

2.1.6 Talent Retention and Recruitment

2.2 Major Duties We Performed in the Company

2.2.1 Electricity Distribution Management

2.2.2 Metering and Billing

2.2.3 Customer Service and Support

2.2.4 Power Outage and Maintenance Management

2.2.5 Rural Electrification and Expansion Projects

2.2.6 Technical Operations and Grid Management

2.2.7 Safety and Compliance

2.2.8 Human Resources and Capacity Building

2.3 Quality that we were developed from our daily

2.3.1 Technical Expertise

2.3.2 Problem-Solving Skills

4. Teamwork and Collaboration

5. Adaptability and Flexibility

6. Time Management and Efficiency

8. Accountability and Responsibility

9. Leadership and Decision-Making

3.1 The Main Component of our work Section Equipment

Transformers are classified

Under this consideration

 The winding surrounds considerable parts of steel core.

 Requires less iron but more conductor material.

 Concentric coils and poor voltage regulation.

 Most of the flux is confined to high permeability core.

 Better voltage regulation

 Used for low voltage, low power level