Chy Final Project

LITTLE FLOWER HOUSE
KAKARMATTA, VARANASI
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
Topic
STUDY THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND

BASES ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH
…………………………………………
Name - ..........................................................................................
Class - ............................................................................................
Roll No. - ....................................................................................
Subject - ......................................................................................
Submitted by Submitted to
Mr. Abhishek Singh
CERTIFICATE
Little Flower House
Varanasi
To Whomsoever It May Concern

I have great pleasure in forwarding the Chemistry project entitled
“.................................................................” submitted by
..................................... of Class 12th.
........................... has prepared this investigatory project in accordance

with the guidelines formulated by CBSE and has worked as per my
instructions and I certify that the project is unique and has not been
copied from any other source.
I wish him/her every success in his/her future endeavors.
Date Mr. Abhishek Singh

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to Mr.
Abhishek Singh, my Chemistry Teacher who gave his
valuable advice and superb guidelines for completion of my
project. He helped me to understand the important details
of my project which would otherwise have not been
possible.
I am also grateful to my friends for boosting my morale and

offering me mental support.
Last but not least, I extend by sincere thanks to my

classmates and the lab assistant who played an
important role during the performance of the experiment.
By
......................
.....
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INDE
X
S.NO NAME R E M A R P g N o.
K
1. BONAFIDE 2
CARTIFICATE.
2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 3
3. INTRODUCTION. 5-6
4. THEORY 7-8
5. AIM 9
6. APPARATUS 10
REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE. 11
8. OBSERVATIONS 12
9. CONCLUSION. 13
10. RESULT/ 14
PRECAUTIONS
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
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INTRODUCTI
ON
Fibre is a class of materials that are
continuous filaments or are in discrete
elongated pieces, similar to lengths of
thread. A fiber is an elongated tapering thick-
walled plant cell that imparts elasticity,
flexibility, and tensile strength. Tensile
strength of fibres can be determined by
hanging weights tied to it and comparing
the weight a string can hold. Traditionally,
natural fibers have been used in all cultures
for making utilitarian products. Different parts
of the plant are used.
Fibers can be extracted from the bark
(banana, jute, hemp, and ramie), stem
(banana, palm, and bamboo), leaf (palm,
screw pine, sisal, agave), husk (coir), seeds
(cotton), and grass (sikki, madhurkati,
benakati, munj). Animal fibers are obtained
from a variety of animal coats, and insect
fibers from cocoons.
Even before the arrival of man-made fibers,
manufacturers could create hundreds of
different kinds of fabrics, differing mainly by
fiber content, weight, style of weave, or
sheen. Here are just a few of these historic
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fiber from which they were originally made

(nearly all can be made now with other fibers,
either natural or synthetic).They are very
important in the biology of both plants and
animals, for holding tissues together.
Human uses for fibers are diverse. They
can be spun into filaments, string, or rope,
used a s a
component of composite
materials, or matted into sheets to make

products such a s paper or felt. Fibers are
often used in the manufacture of other
materials. The strongest engineering
materials are generally made a s fibers, for
example carbon fiber and Ultra-high-
molecular- weight polyethylene. The history of
man-made fibers is less than a century old;
until 1910, there were no synthetic or
chemical fibers. Today, by mixing different
components, manufacturers can take the
basic fibers listed below and make them
more waterproof or more absorbent, warmer
or cooler, thicker or thinner, stiffer or more
supple.
Some, like polyester and spandex, combine
well with natural fibers, making fabrics that
wrinkle less or are more form-fitting.
Synthetic fibers can often be produced very
cheaply and in large amounts compared to
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benefits ,such a s comfort ,over their

synthetic counterparts.
THEORY
Depending upon the source, various fibres can be categorized as:

1. Animal fibre(e.g., silk and wool)
2. Vegetable fibre(e.g., cotton and linen)
3. Synthetic fibre(e.g., nylon and rayon)
Natural fibres can be classified according to their origin. The

vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such important fibres
as cotton, flax, and jute; the animal, or protein-base, fibres
include wool,mohair, and silk; an important fibre in the mineral
class is asbestos.
The vegetable fibres can be divided into smaller groups, based

on their origin within the plant. Cotton, kapok, and coir are
examples of fibres originating as hairs borne on the seeds or
inner walls of the fruit, where each fibre consists of a single,
long, narrow cell. Flax, hemp, jute, and ramie are bast fibres,
occurring in the inner bast tissue of certain plant stems and made
up of overlapping cells. Abaca, henequen, and sisal are fibres
occurring as part of the fibro vascular system of the leaves.
Chemically, all vegetable fibres consist mainly of cellulose,
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although they also contain varying amounts of such substances

as hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, and waxes that must be
removed or reduced by processing. The animal fibres consist
exclusively of proteins and, with the exception of silk, constitute
the furor hair that serves as the protective epidermal covering
of animals. Silk filaments are extruded by the larvae of moths
and are used to spin their cocoons.
With the exception of mineral fibres, all natural fibres have

an affinity for water in both liquid and vapour form. This
strong affinity produces swelling of the fibres connected with
the uptake of water, which facilitates dyeing in watery
solutions.
Unlike most synthetic fibres, all natural fibres are

nonthermoplastic—that is, they do not soften when heat is
applied. At temperatures below the point at which they will
decompose, they show little sensitivity to dry heat, and there is
no shrinkage or high extensibility upon heating, nor do they
[15 become brittle if cooled to below freezing. Natural fibres
tend to
yellow upon exposure to sunlight and moisture, and extended
exposure results in loss of strength.
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insect attacks can be obtained by chemical modification

of the fibre substrate; modern developments allow
treatment of natural fibres to make them essentially
immune to such damage.
Objectives
"Project Report Effects of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength
of Fibres"
The aim and objective of this project is to
1) Compare the tensile strength of given samples of nylon

and cotton fibres.
2) To investigate the Effect of Acids and Alkalies on the tensile

strength of these fibres.
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AIM
To find the effect of acids and alkalies on tensile strength
of cotton, silk and wool fibres.
Apparatus Requirements:-
Cotton, wool, silk, polyester, hook, weight hanger, weights.
Chemical Requirement:-
Hydrochloric acid( M/10) and sodium hydroxide(M/10 ).
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Procedure
:-
1.Cut out equal length of cotton, wool and silk
threads from given samples. The threads should be
nearly the same thickness.
.
2. Determine the tensile strength of each fibre as
explained in experiment 1.
3. Soak a given thread into a dilute solution of
sodium hydroxide for about 5 minutes.
4.Take it out of NaOH solution and wash it

thoroughly 40°C.
5.with water and dry it in sun or oven at

5. Determine again the tensile strength of woolen
thread as explained in experiment 1
6. Now take another piece of wool thread and soak it
in hydrochloric acid for about 5 minutes. Take it
out and wash thoroughly with water. Dry it and
again determine its tensile strength.
7. Repeat the above procedure for the sample of
cotton and nylon fibres.
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Observation
s:-
SI.N Type of Tensile strength of fibre(N)
O fibre.
Before Soaking. after soaking after in
HCL
in NaOH.
1. cotton 750g 700g 750g
2. wool 75g 75g 50g
3. silk 375g 375g 375g
4. polyester 80g 80g 65g
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CONCLUSION.
Conclusions drew from the
experiment are:-
1.Alkalies decrease the tensile

strength of woolen fibers.
2.Acids practically do not affect this
fiber.
3.Tensile strength of cotton thread is
decreased by acids and it remains
unaffected by alkalis.
4.Nylon fiber is practically unaffected
by both acids and alkalies.
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1) The tensile strength of woolen fibre decreases

practically remains unaffected on soaking in acids.
2) The tensile strength of cotton fibre decreases on soaking in

acids but remains practically unaffected on soaking in alkalies.
3) The tensile strength of nylon fibres remain practically unaffected

on soaking either in acids or in alkalies.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Thread must be of identical diameters.
2. Always take the same length of threads
3.Add the weights in small amount very slowly.

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BIBLIOGRAP
HY
➢ C o m p r e h e n s i v e practical
chemistry-X I
➢ Wikipedia
➢ E n cy clo p e d ia - B rita n n ica
O n lin e
En c y c lope dia
➢ www.textileschool.com
➢ www.meritnation.com.
➢ http://cp.literature.agilent.com/li
tweb/
pdf/

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LITTLE FLOWER HOUSE

STUDY THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND

To Whomsoever It May Concern

........................... has prepared this investigatory project in accordance

I wish him/her every success in his/her future endeavors.

Date Mr. Abhishek Singh

I am also grateful to my friends for boosting my morale and

Last but not least, I extend by sincere thanks to my

fiber from which they were originally made

materials, or matted into sheets to make

benefits ,such a s comfort ,over their

Depending upon the source, various fibres can be categorized as:

Natural fibres can be classified according to their origin. The

The vegetable fibres can be divided into smaller groups, based

although they also contain varying amounts of such substances

With the exception of mineral fibres, all natural fibres have

Unlike most synthetic fibres, all natural fibres are

insect attacks can be obtained by chemical modification

The aim and objective of this project is to

1) Compare the tensile strength of given samples of nylon

2) To investigate the Effect of Acids and Alkalies on the tensile

4.Take it out of NaOH solution and wash it

5.with water and dry it in sun or oven at

1.Alkalies decrease the tensile

1) The tensile strength of woolen fibre decreases

2) The tensile strength of cotton fibre decreases on soaking in

3) The tensile strength of nylon fibres remain practically unaffected

1. Thread must be of identical diameters.

2. Always take the same length of threads

3.Add the weights in small amount very slowly.

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