Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    Vectors and Scalars

    Uploaded by

    james25235235235

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Vectors and Scalars

    Uploaded by

    james25235235235
    7 views26 pages

    Original Title

    02. Vectors and Scalars

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views26 pages

    Vectors and Scalars

    Uploaded by

    james25235235235

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 26

    2.

    Vectors and Scalars

    Video: Adding and subtracting vecto


    rs
    Learning objectives:
     Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities.
     Add vectors using a scale drawing.
     Resolve a vector into its components.
     Reconstruct a vector from its components.
     Carry out operations with vectors.
    Vectors and scalars.
     Can you explain the difference between a vector quantity and a

    scalar quantity?
     Can you give examples of each type?

     Do you know how to describe or draw a vector?

     Can you add two or more vectors together?

     Do you know how to subtract a vector quantity from another?


    Vectors and Scalars
    If we need to denote the motion of an object along a straight line we can
    take it’s motion to be positive in one direction and negative in another,
    but if we need to denote the motion of an object in two or three
    dimensions then it is not possible to denote direction of the motion using
    simple positive or negative numbers. So we need to introduce vectors
    here.

    A vector is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction.


    Vector Diagrams
     Vector diagrams are shown using an arrow
     The length of the arrow represents its magnitude
     The direction of the arrow shows its direction
     The direction is given as a bearing, usually from North
    Scalars and Vectors
    A scalar quantity has only magnitude.
    A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.

    Can you put the following quantities into the correct column?

    Length, velocity, displacement, speed, volume, acceleration, momentum,


    mass, density, temperature, weight, power, work, drag, pressure, energy,
    area, thrust, time.
    Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
    Adding vectors in 1 dimension
    Adding two vectors ‘tip to tail’ or ‘triangle’ method:
    If we have two vectors and we want to add vector A to vector B, then
    place the two vectors “tip to tail”, as shown below:

    The sum of the two vectors is equal to the vector drawn from the tail of
    vector A to the tip of vector B.

    Note: adding vector B to vector A is the same as adding vector A to


    vector B
    Law of parallelogram of vector addition

    It states that if two adjacent sides of a parallelogram represents


    two given vectors in magnitude and direction , then the diagonal
    starting from the intersection of two vectors represent their sum.

    The example of law of parallelogram of vector addition is given in


    following picture:

    Subtracting two vectors.


    Scale drawing
     Decide on a suitable scale to fit your vectors on graph paper/paper,
    e.g. 1cm = 1N
     Draw the vectors using the parallelogram or triangle rule.
     Join the corners of the parallelogram or complete the triangle.
     Measure the magnitude of the line using your scale.
     Measure the direction of your resultant vector using a protractor.
    Question
    If Leonardo rides his bike 11.0 km due North and then
    changes direction to move on a bearing of 30o for
    another 16.6 km, use a scale drawing to find his
    displacement from where he started.

    Use the following scale:

    Answer: 26.7 km at a bearing of 18.1o


    Try these, using scale drawing.
    1. What is the resultant force when two 50N forces acting at right
    angles to one another, North and East?

    2. What is the resultant velocity (to the ground) of our girl on a train
    jumping with velocity 2.0ms-1 at 30 degrees to the horizontal with the
    train moving at 5.0ms-1 horizontally in the opposite direction?

    3. What is the resultant displacement for a car journey to see Stormzy


    in London with displacement 200km (3sf) east then a trip to Oxford
    for your physics interview the next day with a displacement of 100km
    (3sf) North west?
    Components of a vector
    Any vector can be broken into 2 perpendicular components (for a 2
    dimensional vector).
    Mathematically, the components are related to the original vector:

    Write down and explain, how you would recover the original vector A if
    you know the components Ax and Ay.
    Resolving a Vector Into Components.
    Vectors are resolved into components (normally x and y direction) by use
    of the triangle trig relationships.
    Question:
    Resolve the following vector into its
    components.
    1
    -
    s
    5 0m
    50 sin 35 = 28.7 ms-1
    35o

    50 cos 35 = 41.0 ms-1


    Components of a vector.
    Find the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity of
    the shell fired from this gun.

    Initial Velocity, 600 ms-1

    −
    𝐴 𝑥= 𝐴 cos 𝜃=600 cos 35=491 𝑚 𝑠
    Magnitude and Direction from Components
    If the components of a vector are known, then its magnitude and direction
    can be calculated with the use of the Pythagorean relationship and triangle
    trig.

    Example:
    If a vector has two components as shown in
    the diagram where Ay = 70N and Ax = 25N,
    calculate the direction and magnitude of the
    vector A.

    tanθ = opp./adj = 70/25 = 2.8

    θ =tan-1(2.8) = 70.3°

    A = √(702 + 252) = 74.3N


    Find the resultant of the following two Vectors by calculation.

    8.0
    N 30°

    14.0
    N
    First we need to resolve the 8 N vector into its two components:
    x-direction: 8.0 cos30° = 6.93 N
    y-direction: 8.0 sin30° = 4.00 N
    So, total force in x-direction: 6.93 + 14.0 = 20.93 N
    Now, use the two x and y components to find the magnitude of the
    resultant vector: R = √(4.002 + 20.932) = 21.3 N

    And the angle to the horizontal: θ = tan-1(4.00/20.93) = 10.8°


    Question: Resultant of 2 Vectors

    Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the magnitude and
    direction of the resultant force acting on the body?
    Solution:
    Complete the parallelogram (rectangle).
    The diagonal of the parallelogram ac represents the resultant force.
    The magnitude of the resultant is found using Pythagoras’ Theorem on the
    triangle abc.
    a 12 N
    Magnitude =𝑎𝑐=√ 12 +5 =13 N
    2 2 d
    θ 13 N

    5N
    5
    12
    Direction of 𝑎𝑐:tan𝜃= b 12 c

    5
     Resultant Force is 13 N, 67º with the 5 N force.
    Problem: Resultant of 3 Vectors
    Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the resultant of
    the three forces shown below.

    Solution:
     Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)
    ac  52  52  50 7.07 N
    5 d 5 c
    tan   1   45
    5

    N
     Now find the resultant of the 10 N and

    5N
    5

    07
    7.07 N forces

    7.
     The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
    45º
    θ
    a

    N
    b
    135º 5 N

    93
    135º = 180º) and in opposite directions

    2.
    N
    So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N 10

    in the direction of the 10 N force


    What is Relative Velocity?

    Let us consider two objects, A and B moving with velocities and with
    respect to a common stationary frame of reference, say the ground, a
    bridge or a fixed platform.

    The velocity of the object A relative to the object B can be given as,

    Similarly, the velocity of the object B relative to that of object a is given by,

    From the above two expressions, we can see that:


    Example: A motorcycle travelling on the highway at a velocity of 120 km/h passes a
    car travelling at a velocity of 90 km/h. From the point of view of a passenger on the
    car, what is the velocity of the motorcycle?

    Solution:
    Let us represent the velocity of the motorcycle as VA and the velocity of the car as VB.

    Now, the velocity of the motorcycle relative to the point of view of a passenger is
    given as:
    VAB = VA – VB

    Substituting the values in the above equation, we get

    VAB = 120 km/h – 90 km/h = 30 km/h

    Hence, the velocity of the motorcycle relative to the passenger of the car is 30 km/h.
    Relative velocity.

    Unbelievable !!! Man Jumped Between Running Trains at 70 Km/H - YouTube


    Question on relative velocity.
    1. A plane is travelling at velocity 100 km/h, in the southward direction. It
    encounters wind travelling in the west direction at a rate of 25 km/h. Calculate
    the resultant velocity of the plane (to the ground).

    2. A swimmer swimming across a river flowing at a velocity of 4 m/s swims at the


    velocity of 2 m/s (perpendicular to the bank). Calculate the actual velocity of
    the swimmer and the angle to the bank of the river.

    Solutions:
    Relative Velocity - Definition, Formula, Examples, Problems (byjus.com)
    Vectors and Scalars.
    1. On an orienteering expedition, you walk 400 m due south and then 300
    m due west. How far, and in what direction are you then from your
    starting point?
    2. On another orienteering expedition, you walk 6.0 km south – west and
    then 4.0 km due west. Calculate your displacement from your starting
    point.
    3. A pool ball is cued and strikes the cushion of the pool table with a
    velocity of 5.0 ms-1 at an angle of 45o to the cushion. It then rebounds
    off the cushion with a velocity of 5.0 ms-1 at an angle of 45o to the
    cushion. What is its change in velocity?
    4. If a cyclist travelling east at 40 ms-1 slows down to 20 ms-1, what is the
    change in velocity?
    5. What is the displacement and distance (from the starting point) of an
    Olympic runner upon crossing the finish line in a 400 m race?

    You might also like