OSH Intro Injuries Diseases Sep2024

Workplace Health
& Safety
https://complianceandethics.org/the-occupational-health-and-safety-rights-of-workers/
QHSE
• Quality
• Health
• Safety
• Environment
Health..
The world Health Organization (WHO) described health in1948, in
the preamble of its constitution
“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-

being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
Spiritual well-being was later added to this definition.
Occupational Health
• Occupational health is an area of work in public health to
promote and maintain highest degree of physical, mental
and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
• Examples of workplace incudes but not limited to all kinds of

industry, business, and commerce, including traditional
industries, information technology businesses, hospitals,
care homes, schools, universities, recreational facilities,
offices etc.
https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_INJ_EN.pdf
Significance of Occupational
Health
• Economically active people spend on an average about one third
of their time at the workplace.
• Employment and working conditions have powerful effects on
health equity.
• Good working conditions can provide social protection and
status, personal development opportunities, and protection from
physical and psychosocial hazards.
• They can also improve social relations and self esteem of
employees and lead to positive health effects.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/occupational-health
Occupational Health..
Its objectives are:
• improvement of working conditions and the working environment to
become conducive to safety and health;
• maintenance and promotion of workers' health and working capacity;
• development of work organization and working cultures that should
reflect essential value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned,
and
• include effective managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for
participation, and voluntary quality-related management practices to
improve occupational safety and health
Occupational Health
Disciplines
• The science and practice of occupational health involves several
disciplines, such as:
Occupational medicine (diagnoses and treatment of work-
related injuries and illnesses)
Nursing
Ergonomics
Psychology
hygiene, safety and other.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/occupational-health
Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
• Occupational safety and health (OSH) is generally defined as
the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and
control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that
could impair the health and well-being of workers, taking
into account the possible impact on the surrounding
communities and the general environment
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Occupational Injuries &
Diseases
• Every 15 seconds, a worker dies from a
work-related accident or disease.
• Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a

work-related accident.
Diseases
• Every day, 6,300 people die as a result of
occupational accidents or work-related diseases –
• more than 2.3 million deaths per year.
Diseases
• Globally around 340 million accidents happen at
work every year
• Over 2.78 million people die every year due to work-
related accidents or illness,
• this equates to 6300 people die every day due to
occupational accidents
Diseases
• an additional 374 million workers suffer injuries and
disabilities caused from non-fatal occupational
accidents
• an estimated 160 million suffer work-related illness such
as cancer, acute respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
Diseases..
• The proportion of occupational accidents and diseases are
increasing in developing countries.
• It has been estimated that more than 120 million accidents
occurs at workplace with occurrence of over 200,000 fatalities
each year in developing world.
Diseases..
• World Health Organization (WHO) stated poor occupational
health and reduced capacity of workers can make loss upto:
10–20% of the Gross National Product (GNP) of a country.
Diseases..
• Such costs are attributed not only to the developing
countries but developed economies also fall prey to such
huge work-related costs.
• For instance, in 2012, USD 250 billion was spent on work-
related illness and injuries in the USA alone.
• European member states are reported to have high (2.6–
3.8% of GDP) societal costs of work-related health issues and
accidents [Citation4].
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10803548.2017.1366145
OSH Status in Pakistan
Indicator- Labour Survey 2017 Total Men Women
Labour force participation rate (%) 51.6 79.8 23.5
Employment-population ratio (%) 49.1 76.3 22
Share of agriculture (%) 38.3 29.3 69.1
Share of industry (%) 24.3 27.4 13.9
Share of services (%) 37.4 43.3 17
Share of managers, professionals (incl. associates)
and technicians (%) 11.8 12.3 10
Share with less than basic education (%) 44.2 36 72.5
Share with advanced education (%) 8.7 9.2 7.4
Unemployment rate (%) 4.8 4.4 6.3
Unemployment rate, youth (%) 9.6 9.8 8.8
https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/country-profiles/
OSH Status in Pakistan
Indicator Total Men Women
Share of youth not in employment, education or training (%) 29.7 7.6 52.5
Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force 6.7 5.7 10.3
LU4: Composite rate of labour underutilization (%) 6.7 5.7 10.3
Average monthly earnings of employees, local currency 21672.4 22509.6 15798.4
Monthly minimum wage, local currency 17500
Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person 46 50.1 31.7
Share of employed working more than 48 hours per week 40.1 49.7 7.2
Incidence rate of non-fatal occupational injuries (per 100'000
in reference group) 1136 880 256
Population covered by at least one social protection benefit 9.2
https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/country-profiles/
Informal Sector In Pakistan
• Informal and home-based work are prominent features of
many developing economies, including in Pakistan.
• This sector is largely undocumented and operates outside

the regulatory framework. Women are affected in particular.
https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/pakistan-informal-sector-accounts-75-workforce-and-one-third-gdp
Informal Sector In Pakistan..
• As is true in many Asian and African countries, Pakistan has a
large informal sector.
• The World Bank estimates that the informal sector
contributes a little more than one-third to the country’s gross
domestic product.
• According to the Asian Development Bank, more than 90 %
of the businesses with 50 employees or fewer are operating
informally.
• According to Pakistan’s official Labour Force Survey of 2020/21,
the informal sector employs almost 75 % of the working-age
population.
• A significant share is busy on farms, which is typical of
economies depending on agriculture.
• One implication is that informal work is slightly more prevalent
in rural areas, but it still accounts for almost 69 % in urban areas.
• Some kinds of particularly unpleasant work – such as the sorting
and recycling of garbage – are mostly done informally as well
• Many factors have contributed to the growth of the informal
sector over the years.
• The most important is that formally registered businesses
and government agencies have not been able to absorb the
rapidly growing workforce, which is a direct consequence of
the “youth bulge”.
• Pakistan has a comparatively high birth rate.
• an average 3.6 children per women and almost two-thirds of
its 241 million people are between the ages 15 and 33.
• Many factors have contributed to the growth of the informal
sector over the years.
• The most important is that formally registered businesses
and government agencies have not been able to absorb the
rapidly growing workforce, which is a direct consequence of
the “youth bulge”.
• Pakistan has a comparatively high birth rate.
• an average 3.6 children per women and almost two-thirds of
its 241 million people are between the ages 15 and 33.
OSH Conditions in Pakistan
Three fingers lost in an accident: a worker of an informal wool processing business in Peshawar in 2016.
• OSH conditions are critical in Pakistan
• There is no official data available on inspections that are carried out
or of reported cases of injuries and accidents.
• In the majority of cases, injuries and accidents are not reported to
the Department of Labour as required by labour law
• The only publicly available data is from the Labour Force Survey,
which documents self-reported injuries
https://api.fairwear.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2021-CS-PAKISTAN.pdf
• As per the 2017-18 Labour Force Survey, 3.7% of respondents
reported occupational injury/disease that resulted in a consultation
with a medical practitioner or loss of work time.
• Male workers were found more vulnerable (4.4%) relative to female

workers (1.5%) if gender-based violence is not included
• Similarly, rural workers (4.5%) were found more vulnerable than
urban workers (2.4%).
• Main incidents were seen in agriculture (41.6%), construction (17.3%),
and manufacturing (16.9%) sectors.
• Women are about twice (79.7%) as exposed to risk as males (38.0%)
in agriculture.
• Contrarily, males are more vulnerable in all the remaining
occupational groups.
% Injuries reported
agriculture
22%
construction
55% manufacturing
23%
% of occupational incidents/injuries reported in Pakistan (Labour survey 2017-2018)

OSH Conditions in Pakistan…
• Women are about twice (79.7%) as exposed to risk as males
(38.0%) in agriculture.
• Contrarily, males are more vulnerable in all the remaining
occupational groups.
• Most of the 62 million employed workforce, including
females and children are poor, illiterate, and semi-trained,
and thus exposed to various occupational hazards.
• The working conditions and environment in most of the
workplaces are sub-standard and there is no concept of
taking preventive and control measures to safeguarding the
life and health of workers.
https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/money-matters/916197-occupational-hazards
• Pakistan has history of industrial accidents due to poor
infrastructure, lack of safety standards, and laxity on the part
of law-enforcing agencies .
• Every year many coal miners die in Balochistan and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.
• in another case of boiler explosion five workmen were killed
and another nine severely injured in March 2021. The
accident had occurred in a factory in Phoolnagar, Kasur
district.
• In December 2020, boiler explosion in a Karachi icemaking

factory had claimed eight deaths and 30 injured.
• The tragic incident of a fire in the Ali Enterprises garment
factory in 2012, which was SA 8000 certified and was
working for various international brands, exposed the
situation on the ground in terms of health and safety.
• The factory completely burned down and more than 250
workers lost their lives
• The range and scope of occupational safety and health
covers all the industrial, commercial, agricultural, and service
sectors, utilities, manufacturing, transport/ communications,
hotels/ restaurants, mining/quarrying, construction, the
SMEs etc.
• Nonetheless, the high-risk areas relate to the manufacturing,
mining, power generation and transmission, and
construction sectors.
• The major industries like textile, leather, paper, metal,
rubber, fertilizer, paint, cement, plastic, and ceramics
generate significant environmental hazards, and resultantly
cause illnesses and injuries not only to the workers but also
to the general public.
• Textile industry uses a variety of chemicals for various processes
particularly spinning, weaving, knitting, scouring, printing,
dyeing, and finishing, which generate noise, dust, and emissions
of toxic chemicals--- all injurious to health.
• Similar is the case with the engineering and iron/steel sector, the
second largest industry in terms of employment, where different
processes generate dust, smoke, gases etc.
• Steelmaking requires high use of energy, whereas production and
use of energy emits sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon
dioxide.
• The mechanical process involves vibration and noise. Heat
treatment, galvanizing and zinc plating are the processes of using
hazardous chemicals, and generate, besides dust and gases,
dangerous substances such as ammonium, zinc chloride,
hydrochloric acid, cadmium etc. and volatile organic compounds
from oil.
• Safety in the use of chemicals is of prime importance, which
requires taking special measures at all stages of its handling,
storage, transportation, and usage.
A CASE STUDY ON OHS PRACTICES IN
STEEL RE-ROLLING MILL, ISLAMABAD
• The Ittehad Group is a privately-held, diversified Pakistani
Conglomerate with interests in Steel, Real-Estate, Logistics,
Automobiles, Hospitality and General Trading.
• Ittehad Steel has a combined annual capacity of 120,000 TPY at
its integrated steel plants located at Islamabad and Hattar
Industrial Parks.
• Ittehad Steel is also one of the largest Pakistani exporters of re-
bars to Afghanistan to cater to the re-building efforts in that
country.
http://iepkarachi.org.pk/A%20Case%20Study%20OHS%20---%20Islamabad%20-%20Hira%20amjad.pdf
STEEL RE-ROLLING MILL, ISLAMABAD..
• The Ittehad Group is a privately-held, diversified Pakistani
Conglomerate with interests in Steel, Real-Estate, Logistics,
Automobiles, Hospitality and General Trading.
• Ittehad Steel has a combined annual capacity of 120,000 TPY at
its integrated steel plants located at Islamabad and Hattar
Industrial Parks.
• Ittehad Steel is also one of the largest Pakistani exporters of re-
bars to Afghanistan to cater to the re-building efforts in that
country.
• a. No MSDS displayed
• No “Material Safety Data Sheet” is displayed on workstation walls to guide
the workers about the health and safety issues at the work place. The
workers are performing their duties without any safety measures.
• b. Fire extinguishers
• Not a single fire extinguisher is present at the work station.
• According to administration they have water filled tanks in the working area
so that in case of fire the water can be used to kill the fire.
• Fire extinguishers do present in store room but are not displayed on proper
points even in the office areas.
• c. Emergency exits
• No emergency exits are marked or defined.
• No emergency training or drill has been carried out in near past.
• No emergency procedures have been defined.
• No warning alarm exists in case of fire.
• d. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Workers are working without personal protective equipment.
• Even those who are dealing with very hot and molten objects are
performing their job without any precautionary measure.
• According to administration they have annual budget for PPE of
workers.
• Special heat insulating uniforms are provided to workers but they are
not interested in wearing the uniform and gloves.
• A few of them are wearing the heat insulating shoes.
• e. Regular training and drill
• Regular training is present only for some selected persons.
• Training held twice or sometimes thrice in a year.
• It’s a three days training about health and environmental issues
at the workplace.
• Normally three to four persons attend the training and when
they came back to their duties, they are not very keen to share
the information with their colleagues.
• g. Machines are without guards and safety devices
• Automatic machines and steel rollers are without safety guards.
• No heat insulating guard is placed near the hot areas of process.
• These automatic machines can cause injuries such as cuts,
sprains, broken bones, amputation and in severe cases death can
be occur due to crushing and entrapment.
• Workers those are working around and maintaining conveyor
belts were not appropriately trained.
• h. Cooling fans
• Heating furnace is creating high degrees of heat. The
temperature of heating furnace is ranges from 1000-1300oC.
• The only measure present here to reduce the heat and
temperature around the furnace and at working place is the fans.
• These fans are without safety guards. Any one can get injured
adversely by these fans due to his little mistake.
• I. Electrical and fire hazards
• electric boards were unattended and without any cover.
• Use of power boards and extension chords was very high.
• Explosion and burn hazards
• A lot of explosive materials are present at the workplace and
they can catch fire very easily.
• Workers are working very close to furnace without wearing
personal protective equipments and are facing regular burn
hazards.
• Furnace is not insulated by any insulating material, so if any one
mistakenly comes in contact with these furnaces, he can face
severe burn hazards
• Explosion and burn hazards
• A lot of explosive materials are present at the workplace and
they can catch fire very easily.
• Workers are working very close to furnace without wearing
personal protective equipments and are facing regular burn
hazards.
• Furnace is not insulated by any insulating material, so if any one
mistakenly comes in contact with these furnaces, he can face
severe burn hazards
Occupational health and safety issues in the
informal economic segment of Pakistan:
A survey of construction sites
Abstract
• This research covers the current status of occupational health and safety
(OHS)-related practices in the informal construction segment of Pakistan.
• Data were collected, through interviews, from 316 construction sites
employing 3577 workers.
• The results of the study reveal that both employers and workers lack
knowledge of OHS laws/standards and no practices of this nature enacted
at these construction sites.
• Alarmingly, work-related accidents, whenever they happen, were not
given due attention and there was no formal injury-report system.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1366145
Size of construction site (%)
<4 4–8 9–20 >20
PPE workers workers workers workers
Working dress/ overall 0 0 0 12.00
Safety helmet 0 0 0 9.25
Safety shoes 0 0 0 13.60
Safety gloves 0 0 0 11.30
Goggles 0 0 0 5.00
Reflector vest 0 0 0 0
Ear plugs 0 0 0 0
Rain coat 0 0 0
Type of accident (number)
Description Fall Electrical short circuit Fire Chemical Other
Male 51 43 18 15 7
Gender
Female 2 4 5 3 1
<4 7 8 5 7 2
Size of construction 4–8 6 9 6 3 4
site 9–20 31 19 4 3 2
>20 31 19 4 3 2
<1 day lost 6 12 10 14 4
1–3 days lost 4 2 6 2 0
4–7 days lost 3 1 5 2 2
Severity of loss
>7 days lost 34 12 2 0 2
Disability 6 12 0 0 0
Death 0 8 0 0 0
Only first aid 6 5 4 12 16
Medical treatment Consulted doctor 36 32 12 4 2
Hospitalized 11 9 5 2 0
Municipal authority 0 100 0 0 0
Reporting authority/ Labor department 0 0 0 0 0
department
Police 0 63 0 0 0
Hospital 0 100 35 10 12
Injury 0 0 0 0 0
Type of reporting Disability 0 0 0 0 0
Death 0 5 0 0 0
Abstract
• The informal construction industry employs a huge portion
of the informal workforce, and lack of OHS happens at
tremendous human cost.
• These research findings may thus play their role in
strengthening the case for reforms in the sector. This study, if
properly utilized, may also enable employers of the sector by
increasing their knowledge about OHS practices and, as a
result, trying to offer safer environments for their workers.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1366145
Assessment of the Workplace
Conditions and Health and Safety
Situation in Chemical and Textile
Industries of Pakistan
Abstract:
• The study was conducted to assess the workplace conditions,
health and safety situations in textile and chemical industries
of one of the commercial cities of Pakistan i.e. Faisalabad.
• Risk assessment was conducted through qualitative and
quantitative assessment methods.
• The effluents and gases emissions in the textile and chemical
mills of Faisalabad were monitored.
doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150306.20
Assessment of the Workplace
Conditions and Health and Safety
Situation in Chemical and Textile
Industries of Pakistan
Abstract:
• Results indicated the working conditions in the work place were not
conducive for maximum productivity and there was high risk that may be
befalling to the workers from multiple hazards exacerbated by inadequate
physical conditions.
• Over all the temperature, humidity, noise and light levels were either
below or above the defined NEQS (National Environmental Quality
Standards) at multiple places in each industry.
• Workers were uninformed of the health and safety protocols at workplace
and there was a dire need to give trainings and awareness regarding
health and safety issues.
doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150306.20
OSH Laws & Regulations in
Pakistan
• There is no specific legislation on occupational safety and
health in Pakistan.
• The main law, which governs these issues, has been the
Factories Act, 1934.
• However, in the last few years, various laws have been
enacted which deal with health and safety in more detail.
Pakistan…
• The ILO has adopted more than 40 international labour standards specifically
dealing with the OSH, with focus on developing countries.
• In this context, the ILO tools and guidelines provide a solid base to implement
strong and effective OSH systems at different levels and for various sectors.
• Thus, other related ILO sectoral Conventions include Occupational Safety and
Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979 (No. 152), Radiation Protection
Convention, 1960 (No.115), Hygiene (Commerce and Offices), 1964 (No.120),
Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974 (No.139), Working Environment (Air
Pollution, Noise, and Vibration) Convention, 1977 (No. 148), Occupational Health
Services Convention, 1985 (No.161), Asbestos Convention, 1986 (No.162), Safety
and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 (No. 167), Chemicals Convention,
1990 (No. 170), and Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001 (No. 184).
https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/money-matters/1033188-workplace-safety
Pakistan…
• None of these important Conventions however have been
ratified by Pakistan though safety and health measures at the
workplace play a crucial role in containing the diseases, and
protecting the workers, and society at large.
• In all there are 54 ILO Conventions that have not been
ratified by Pakistan for enforcement.
https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/money-matters/1033188-workplace-safety
Pakistan
• However, in the last few years, various laws have been enacted which deal with
health and safety in more detail. These include:
 Factories Act 1934
Hazardous Occupation Rules of 1978
Pakistan Occupational Health and Safety Act 2018
The Building Code of Pakistan-Fire Safety Provisions, 2016
Sindh Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2017,
Punjab Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2019
• The Building Code of Pakistan was promulgated by the Federal Ministry of Science
and Technology in 2016 and is based on the NFPA 1 Fire Code
Pakistan
• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a global
self-funded nonprofit organization, established in 1896,
devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and economic
loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards
Pakistan
• Implementation of health and safety laws, especially the
Building Code of Pakistan is a big challenge.
• A large number of factories do not comply with the Building
Code of Pakistan, especially small-to-medium sized factories
as they do not fulfil mandatory requirements regarding fire
hydrants, comprehensive fire alarm systems, and fire-rated
doors, among others
Pakistan
• State lacks the capacity to implement health and safety
regulations and provide essential emergency services such as
rescue and firefighting.
• In Karachi, there are many garment factories housed in multi-
storey buildings, but there are only 13 functional fire stations
with just one fire tender deployed at each, and only two out of
six snorkels in operational condition.
• Due to an acute shortage of resources, the fire brigade’s
response time is extremely delayed.
• Every month there are gas cylinder explosions in restaurants or in
markets or in passenger vehicles in Punjab and Sindh killing and
injuring many persons.
• another case of boiler explosion five workmen were killed and
another nine severely injured last year in March. The accident
had occurred in a factory in Phoolnagar, Kasur district.
• In December 2020, boiler explosion in a Karachi icemaking
factory had claimed eight deaths and 30 injured.
HSE related organizations in
Pakistan
• Labour & Human Resource Department
• RESCUE 1122
• Civil Defense
• Mines and Mineral department
• Red Crescent / Red Cross
• Civil Aviation Authority – CAA
• Environment Protection Department
• Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental Coordination
Core OSH Principles
• Occupational safety and health is an extensive multidisciplinary field,
invariably touching on issues related to scientific areas such as
medicine – including physiology and toxicology – ergonomics, physics
and chemistry, as well as technology, economics, law and other areas
specific to various industries and activities.
• Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living

organisms due to chemicals

Core OSH Principles
1- All workers have rights
2- Occupational safety and health policies must be established
3- Employers and workers and other stakeholders must be consulted
4- OSH Programs
5- Continuous improvement of occupational safety and health
6- Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services
7- Education and training
8- Monitoring and enforcement

Core OSH Principles
1- All workers have rights.
• work should take place in a safe and healthy working environment
• conditions of work should be consistent with workers’ well-being and
human dignity
• work should offer real possibilities for personal achievement, self
fulfilment and service to society (ILO, 1984).

Core OSH Principles
2- Occupational safety and health policies must be established
• OSH policies must be formulated and implemented at both the
national (governmental) and enterprise levels. They must be
effectively communicated to all parties concerned
• employers and workers and other stakeholders must be consulted.
This should be done during formulation, implementation and review
of all policies, systems and programmes

Core OSH Principles
3- Employers and workers and other stakeholders must be consulted
• employers and workers and other stakeholders must be consulted.
• This should be done during formulation, implementation and review
of all policies, systems and programmes

Core OSH Principles
4- OSH Programs
• Occupational safety and health programmes and policies must aim at
both prevention and protection.
• Efforts must be focused above all on primary prevention at the
workplace level.
• Workplaces and working environments should be planned and
designed to be safe and healthy

Core OSH Principles
5- Continuous improvement of occupational safety and health
• Continuous improvement of occupational safety and health must be
promoted.
• This is necessary to ensure that national laws, regulations and
technical standards to prevent occupational injuries, diseases and
deaths are adapted periodically to social, technical and scientific
progress and other changes in the world of work.

Core OSH Principles
6- Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services
• Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made
available to workers who suffer occupational injuries, accidents and
work related diseases

Core OSH Principles
6- Education and training
• Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working
environments.
• Workers and employers must be made aware of the importance of
establishing safe working procedures and how to do so.
• Trainers must be trained in areas of special relevance to particular
industries, so that they can address the specific occupational safety
and health concerns.

Core OSH Principles
7- Responsibilities, Duties and Obligations
• Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain
responsibilities, duties and obligations.
• For example, workers must follow established safety procedures;
employers must provide safe workplaces and ensure access to first
aid; and the competent authorities must devise, communicate and
periodically review and update occupational safety and health policies

Core OSH Principles
8- Monitoring and enforcement
A system of inspection must be in place to secure compliance with
occupational safety and health measures and other labour legislation

Organizational OSH Policy
General framework
i. The policy should be in written form and should cover the
organizational arrangements to ensure occupational safety and
health.
ii. allocate the various responsibilities for OSH within the enterprise

Organizational OSH Policy
General framework
III. bring policy information to the notice of every worker, supervisor
and manager
IV. determine how occupational health services are to be organized;
V. specify measures to be taken for the surveillance of the working
environment and workers’ health

A CHECKLIST FOR EMPLOYERS WRITING
OSH Policy
• Does the statement express a commitment to safety and health and
are your obligations towards your employees made clear?
• Does the statement say which senior officer is responsible for seeing
that it is implemented and for keeping it under review, and how this
will be done?
• Is it signed and dated by you or a partner or senior director?
• Have the views of managers and supervisors, safety representatives
and of the safety committee been taken into account?

OSH Policy
• Were the duties set out in the statement discussed with the people
concerned in advance, and accepted by them,
• do they understand how their performance is to be assessed and
what resources they have at their disposal?
• Does the statement make clear that cooperation on the part of all
employees is vital to the success of your safety and health policy?
• Does it say how employees are to be involved in safety and health
matters, for example by being consulted, by taking part in inspections,
and by sitting on a safety committee?

OSH Policy
• Does it say who is responsible for the following matters (including deputies
where appropriate)?
reporting investigations and recording accidents
 fire precautions, fire drill, evacuation procedures
first aid
 safety inspections
training programme
 ensuring that legal requirements are met, for example regular testing of
lifts and notifying accidents to the safety and health inspector.

OSH Policy
Special Considerations
• Keeping the workplace, including staircases, floors, ways in and out,
washrooms, etc., in a safe and clean condition by cleaning,
maintenance and repair.
• Maintenance of equipment such as tools, ladders, etc. Are they in
safe condition?
• Maintenance and proper use of safety equipment such as helmets,
boots, goggles, respirators, etc

OSH Policy
• Maintenance and proper use of plant, machinery and guards.
• Regular testing and maintenance of lifts, hoists, cranes, pressure
systems, boilers and other dangerous machinery, emergency repair
work, and safe methods of doing it.
• Maintenance of electrical installations and equipment.

OSH Policy
• Safe storage, handling and, where applicable, packaging, labelling and
transport of dangerous substances.
• Controls on work involving harmful substances such as lead and
asbestos.
• The introduction of new plant, equipment or substances into the
workplace – by examination, testing and consultation with the
workforce

OSH Policy
• Noise problems – wearing of ear protection, and control of noise at
source.
• Preventing unnecessary or unauthorized entry into hazardous areas.
• Lifting of heavy or awkward loads

OSH Management System
• Occupational safety and health, including compliance with the OSH
requirements pursuant to national laws and regulations, are the
responsibility and duty of the employer.
• The employer should show strong leadership and commitment to
OSH activities in the organization, and make appropriate
arrangements for the establishment of an OSH management system.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/
documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_107727.pdf
• The system should contain the main elements of policy, organizing,
planning and implementation, evaluation and action for improvement
Occupational Injuries
• An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned
occurrence, arising out of or in connection with work which
results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury,
disease or death.
Occupational Injuries and
Accidents
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https
• An Occupational injury is defined as any personal injury,
disease or death resulting from an occupational accident
such as an arm caught in a machine or a slip/fall on the
workroom floor.
Types of Occupational Injuries
• Two major types of occupational injuries:
1. Fatal
2. Non-Fatal
Types of Occupational Injuries
• An occupational injury could be fatal (as a result of
occupational accidents and where death occurred within one
year of the day of the accident) or non-fatal with lost work
time.
• Incapacity for work is the inability of the person, due to an
occupational injury, to perform the normal duties of work in
the job or post occupied at the time of the occupational
accident.
• Incapacity can be:
1. Temporary
2. Permanent
• Cases of temporary incapacity are cases of occupational
injury where the workers injured were unable to work from
the day after the day of the accident, but were later able to
perform again the normal duties of work in the job or post
occupied at the time of the occupational accident causing
the injury within a period of one year from the day of the
accident.
• Cases of permanent incapacity for work are cases of
occupational injury where the persons injured were never
able to perform again the normal duties of work in the job or
post occupied at the time of the occupational accident
causing the injury.
Most Common Occupational
Injuries
Injuries
1. Slips, trips, and falls
2. Overexertion and muscle strains
3. Struck by workers, equipment, or falling objects
4. Crashes or collisions
5. Exposure to harmful substances or environments
6. Fire and explosions
7. Violence and other injuries by persons or animals
https://www.visitcompletecare.com/blog/7-most-common-work-related-injuries/
Injuries
1. Slips, trips, and falls
Slips, trips, and falls are some of the most common types of
workplace injuries. This includes workers who:
• Slipped on an icy, oily or wet floor
• Tripped due to unprotected sides or holes, poor lighting, or
clutter
• Fell off ladders, roofs, or skyscraper construction area
https://www.osha.gov/fall-protection /
Injuries..
1. Slips, trips, and falls - Fall Prevention
Employers should set up work place to prevent employees
from falling off of overhead platforms, elevated work stations
or into holes in the floor and walls.
https://www.osha.gov/fall-protection
Injuries..
1. Slips, trips, and falls - Fall Prevention
OSH requires that fall protection be provided at:
 elevations of four feet in general industry workplaces,
five feet in shipyards,
six feet in the construction industry
Injuries..
1. Slips, trips, and falls - Fall Prevention..
OSH requires that fall protection be provided at:
eight feet in longshoring operations ( loading, unloading,
moving or handling of cargo, ship's stores, gear, or any
other materials).
In addition, fall protection be provided when working over
dangerous equipment and machinery, regardless of the fall
distance.
Injuries..
1. Slips, trips, and falls - Fall Prevention..
• Provide working conditions that are free of known dangers.
• Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, a
dry condition.
• Select and provide required personal protective equipment
at no cost to workers.
• Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can
understand.
Injuries..
1. Construction Industry - Fall Prevention
• 1926.451, General requirements (Scaffolding) [related topic page]
• 1926.452, Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds
• 1926.454, Training requirements (Scaffolding)
• 1926.501, Duty to have fall protection
• 1926.502, Fall protection systems criteria and practices
• 1926.503, Training requirements (Fall protection)
• 1926.760, Steel erection (Fall protection)
• 1926.800, Underground construction
• 1926.1051, General requirements (Stairways and ladders)
• 1926.1052, Stairways
• 1926.1053, Ladders
• 1926.1060, Training requirements (Stairways and ladders)
• 1926.1423, Cranes and derricks in construction (Fall protection)
https://www.osha.gov/fall-protection/construction
Injuries..
1.Fall Prevention at homes/offices?
https://www.osha.gov/fall-protection/construction
Injuries
2. Overexertion and Muscle Strains
Overexertion injuries like muscle strains and repetitive strain
injuries (RSI) can cause long-term debilitating pain and lead to
an overall loss in productivity. This type of occupational injury
can be caused by:
Improper lifting technique
Manually lifting heavy objects
Repetitive work with no breaks
Jumping to another level
Injuries..
2. Overexertion and Muscle Strains…
This type of occupational injury can be caused by:
A collapsing structure
Lifting, pushing, carrying, or throwing
Microtasks on a factory line
Typing or moving a mouse without good ergonomics
Injuries..
Muscle Strains
• A muscle strain or pulled muscle, occurs when your muscle is
overstretched or torn.
• This usually occurs as a result of fatigue, overuse, or
improper use of a muscle.
• Strains can happen in any muscle, but they are most
common in your lower back, neck, shoulder, and hamstring,
which is the muscle behind your thigh
Injuries..
Muscle Strains- Symptoms
• Sudden Pain
• Swelling
• Muscle Spasms
• Weakness
• Bruising
• Limited range of motion
Injuries..
Management of Muscle Strains
RICE
• R= Rest
• I=ICE
• C= Compression (crepe bandage)
• E= Elevation
Injuries..
Management of Muscle Strains..
• RICE
• Also, take a break from the activity that caused the injury in
the first place for a couple of days, until the pain subsides.
Injuries..
Management of Muscle Strains
• take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications to
alleviate pain.
• If the muscle is still feeling stiff a couple of days in, substitute
icing for heat therapy.
Injuries..
2. Muscle Strains- Prevention
i. Warm up: before any physical activity
ii. Weight training: Strength training makes your muscles
stronger, which (a) helps avoid future injury of the soft
tissue, and (b) relieves some of the stress your body
weight causes on your joints, so it also prevents joint
injuries.
iii. Use protective gear/PPE
Injuries..
2. Muscle Strains- Prevention
IV- Rest: After strenuous activity, allow your body ample time
to recover. Not doing so increases the likelihood of
muscle fatigue, strained muscles, and stress fractures.
V- Maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight places additional
stress on both your muscles and joints, making both more
prone to injury.
VI- Use proper technique when lifting heavy objects.
Injuries
3. Struck by workers, equipment, or falling objects
Workplace injuries of this nature are commonly caused by:
Poorly guarded machinery
Falling tools, debris, or materials
A part of the worker’s body being caught in a wire or gears
Dropped loads
Injuries
3. Struck by workers, equipment, or falling objects..
The tipping over of heavy equipment
Excessive vibration
Bumping into an object or equipment
Being pushed into a hard surface of any kind
Walking into walls or machinery
Injuries
3. Struck by workers, equipment, or falling objects -
Prevention
these accidents can be prevented by staying aware of your
surroundings,
 following established policies and procedures,
using the proper personal protective equipment (PPE),
avoiding loose clothing,
and putting away unnecessary hazards.
Injuries
4. Crashes or collisions
• While driving a motor vehicle or working around them, you
are at risk of getting hurt in a crash or collision.
• For example, if you are working on the ground in a

warehouse, you could be hit or run over by a forklift.
Injuries
4. Crashes or collisions..
Other instances resulting in a crash or collision could include:
• Falling from a vehicle
• stuck under an overturned vehicle
• Large-truck drivers drinking and driving
• struck by objects falling from a vehicle
• Semi, tractor-trailer, and tanker truck crashes
Injuries
• Those who work in loud environments or around hazardous
chemicals , they are at risk of severe injuries to their ears,
eyes, skin, and respiratory systems, if they are exposed
without proper protection.
Injuries
Prevention
• Familiarize yourself with any chemical safety data sheets
• Wear proper ear protection, safety goggles, gloves, and any
other required PPE when exposed to harmful substances or
loud noises
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)? A SDS includes information such as: the
•properties of each chemical;
•the physical, health, and environmental health hazards;
•protective measures and safety precautions for handling,
storing, and transporting the chemical.
https://resilience.acoss.org.au/the-six-steps/leading-resilience/emergency-management-prevention-preparedness-response-recovery
Injuries
• Fires and explosions can burn body tissue, cause severe
damage to respiratory system, and potentially cause
disfigurement.
• Injuries for explosions are categorized into four types based
on level of impact to human body:
Injuries
oPrimary blast: injury caused by the blast wave unique to high
order explosions
oSecondary blast: injury due to flying objects or debris
displaced by the blast wind
https://www.visitcompletecare.com
Injuries
6. Fire and explosions..
oTertiary blast: injury due to displacement through the air or
a structure collapse
oQuaternary blast: all other injuries including crush injuries,
burns, radiation, and inhaling toxic substances
Injuries
• Work stress and tension can result in an aggressive
confrontation from an employee or customer, leading to
harassment, intimidation, and even physical assault.
• Injury caused by animals can also be a concern for foresters,
zoo and individuals working on a farm or in other
environments where animals, like dogs, snakes etc. are
present.
Injuries
Prevention
• to avoid workplace violence is to set a zero-tolerance policy
covering all individuals who come in contact with company
personnel.
• When working with animals, injury risk can be minimized by
wearing the proper attire, following guidelines set by
employer, and staying alert at all times.
Injuries
Common causes of work-related fatalities
The “fatal four” work-related fatalities leading to death
include:
i. Struck in a moving vehicle or object / motor vehicle
crashes
ii. Slips, trips, and falls from heights
iii. Electrocutions
iv. Caught in or between machines, devices, or tools
Injuries
According to data from OSHA and the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, including non-fatal injuries and
fatal injuries, the top ten most common workplace
injuries are:
1.Slip and fall
2.Struck by moving object
3.Struck against stationary objects
4.Overexertion
5.Repetitive motion injuries
OSHA, 2021
Injuries
6. Electrocution
7.Entanglement (an extensive barrier, typically made of barbed
wire and stakes, erected to impede enemy soldiers or vehicles.)
8.Motor vehicle accidents
9.Falls from heights
10.Workplace violence
OSHA, 2021
Prevention of Occupational
Injuries
• Fall protection, construction (29 CFR 1926.501)
• Hazard communication, general industry (29 CFR 1910.1200)
• Respiratory protection, general industry (29 CFR 1910.134)
• Scaffolding general requirements, construction (29 CFR
1926.451)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - OSHA

Prevention of Occupational
Injuries
• Ladders, construction (29 CFR 1926.1053)
• Control of hazardous energy, general industry (29 CFR
1910.147)
• Powered industrial trucks, general industry (29 CFR 1910.178
)
• Fall protection, training requirements (29 CFR 1926.503)
• Eye and face protection (29 CFR 1926.102)
• Machinery and machine guarding, general requirements (29
CFR 1910.212)
Occupational Diseases
An occupational disease is a physical, mental or
psychological health issue caused by work or
occupational related activities.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - OSHA

• Occupational diseases are adverse health conditions in the
human being, the occurrence or severity of which is related
to exposure to factors on the job or in the work
environment. Such factors can be:
I. Physical: e.g. heat, noise, radiation
II. Chemical: e.g. solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dust
III. Biological: e.g. tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV
Occupational Health- WHO 2001

IV. Ergonomic: e.g. improperly designed tools or work areas,
repetitive motions
V. Psychosocial stressors: e.g. lack of control over work,
inadequate personal support
VI. Mechanical: these mainly cause work accidents and
injuries rather than occupational diseases.
Occupational Health- WHO 2001

Occupational injuries and
diseases
• More than 1.4 billion people, almost four out of five workers
in developing countries, work in hazardous settings or
occupations.
• The number of workers in vulnerable employment increases

by around 11 million each year
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-018-0422-x
diseases
• According to ILO and WHO, almost two million persons die
globally every year due to work-related causes.
• This is translated into some 5,500 deaths every day or over
three deaths every single minute.
• Around 65% of these deaths occur in Asia where there are
gross violations of the national and international rules,
regulations and practices related to OSH
ILO, 2021
diseases
• The world’s workforce sustains at least 370 million injuries
every year, a figure that would be much higher if reliable
reporting existed
ILO, 2021
ILO, 2021
diseases
• Occupational cancer is responsible for almost a third of all work-
related deaths.
• More than one million workers die each year due to exposure to
hazardous substances.
• The overall worker death rate is steadily increasing. The vast majority
of these deaths are occurring in the poorest of countries
diseases
• Very few workers worldwide have access to occupational health
services that provide for prevention of occupational risks, health
surveillance, training in safe working methods, first aid, and
consulting with employers on occupational health and safety.
• Yet access to occupational health services is a right recognized by the

United Nations whose absence should be framed as a violation of the
right to health [2, 3].
diseases
• Occupational health and safety laws cover only about 10% of workers
in developing countries.
diseases
• Occupational injuries cause permanent disabilities and economic
losses amounting to 4–6% of national incomes, costs to developing
countries in excess of $10 trillion [6].
• Similar costs are anticipated from occupational diseases although
studies are only now being considered [7].
• These preventable injuries and diseases also have profound impacts
on the work productivity, income, and social well-being of workers
and their families.
diseases
• Occupational injuries/diseases are always considered leading
problems for workers, especially in less developed countries.
• The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated that about 2.3
million people die due to occupational accidents and occupational
diseases, 317 million suffer from serious nonfatal occupational
injuries, and 160 million suffer from occupational illnesses and most
of them belong to rural areas in less developed countries [1].
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791115000505
Most common Occupational
Diseases
1. Dermatitis
2. Respiratory illnesses.
3. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
4. Hearing loss.
5. Cancer
6. Stress and mental health disorders
7. Infectious diseases
Occupational Health- WHO 2001-Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety
Diseases
1. Dermatitis
• allergic and irritant dermatitis (also known as ‘contact
dermatitis’) is the most important cause of occupational skin
diseases,
• It accounts for 15 to 20 percent of all reported occupational
diseases in the U.S.
• Contact dermatitis is caused by a wide array of physical,
biological or chemical agents.
• A study found that 75 percent of patients with occupational
contact
ILO, dermatitis end
Occupational Health- up
WHO developing
2001, Canadian Centrechronic skin
for Occupational diseases.
Health & Safety
Diseases
2. Respiratory illnesses
• This can include asthma, disease of the lung and chronic
obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).
• Asthma is considered to be the most common occupational

lung disease in world.
Diseases
2. Respiratory illnesses..
• there are over 300 chemicals in the workplace that are
known to cause asthma, with the disease being most
prevalent in the auto parts, foam and plastic manufacturing
industries.
• The ILO lists work-related asthma as being caused by

sensitizing agents or irritants.
Diseases
• musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) is a damage that affects the
musculoskeletal system of the human body, especially at
bones, spinal discs, tendons, joints, ligaments, cartilage,
nerves, and blood vessels.
• Such injuries may result due to repetitive motions, forces,
and vibrations on human bodies during executing certain job
activities.
• Previous injuries, physical condition, heredity, pregnancy,
lifestyle, and poor diet are the factors that contribute to the
musculoskeletal symptoms.
Diseases
• Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) is a damage that affects the
musculoskeletal system of the human body, especially at
bones, spinal discs, tendons, joints, ligaments, cartilage,
nerves, and blood vessels.
• Such injuries may result due to:
repetitive motions
forces
vibrations
Diseases
• Examples of MSDs at workplace include but not lmited to:
Backache
Neck pain
Shoulder pain
Tennis elbow
Capel Tunnal Syndrome
Diseases
• Examples of MSDs at workplace include but not lmited to:
Backache
Neck pain
Shoulder pain
Tendinitis
Synovitis
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
Tennis elbow
Diseases
• MSDs are prevalent in most workplaces, even in office
settings.
Some examples of MSDs incude but not limited to:
• Indeed, office workers may be at risk of repetitive strain
injuries (RSI) such as carpal tunnel syndrome or tendonitis.
Diseases
Carpal tunnel Syndrome or tendonitis.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common neurological
disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs
from your forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes
pressed or squeezed at the wrist.
• You may feel numbness, weakness, pain in your hand and
wrist, and your fingers may become swollen and useless
Diseases
Tennis Elbow
• Tennis elbow is a condition that causes pain around the outside of the
elbow.
• It often happens after overuse or repeated action of the muscles of
the forearm, near the elbow joint.
• You may notice pain on the outside of the elbow, which may travel
down the forearm when:
lifting or bending your arm
when gripping small objects, such as a pen
when twisting your forearm, such as turning a door handle or
opening a jar
Diseases
• The EU-OSHA says that most work-related MSDs develop
over time and can be caused by repetitive movements,
awkward positions, handling loads, high work demands, lack
of breaks, etc.
• MSDs account for 43 percent of all work-related injuries.

Diseases
4. Hearing loss
• A study among U.S. workers who had higher occupational
noise exposures than the general population found that 18
percent of their surveyed sample had hearing loss.
• workers in the mining, construction and manufacturing
industries need better hearing conservation strategies.
• Hearing
loss and auditory issues are also a problem in hospitality and
healthcare settings
.
ILO, Occupational Health- WHO 2001, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety
Diseases
5. Cancer
• The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work states
that cancer accounts for 24 percent of global work-related
deaths.
• Occupational cancers occur when workers are in contact with
carcinogenic substances in their workplace.
• Certain substances are associated with different cancers, and
certain carcinogens can be especially prevalent in certain
industries.
Diseases
5. Cancer…
Certain industries where there is more risk of cancers include:
• Rubber industry (tires, rubber gloves, rubber bands etc)
• Mining industry
• Textile
• Chemicals industry
Diseases
5. Cancer…
• Asbestos-related diseases are now some of the most well-
known incidences of occupational disease.
• These include cancers such as lung cancer, gastro-intestinal
cancer, cancer of the larynx or pharynx and mesothelioma (a
cancer which occurs in the thin layer of tissue covering most
internal organs).
• Asbestos exposure is the number one cause of occupational
death in Canada.
Diseases
Asbestos has also been used in a wide range of manufactured
goods, mostly in building materials:
• roofing
• Ceiling and floor tiles,
• Paper products, and
• asbestos cement products
• Friction products (automobile clutch, brake, and transmission
parts),
• heat-resistant fabrics, packaging, linings, and coatings
Diseases
6. Stress and mental health disorders.
• mental health disorders can also be considered as
occupational diseases in certain contexts.
• Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most commonly

cited.
Diseases
6. Stress and mental health disorders…
• PTSD can affect workers in high pressure workplaces, such as
the military or law enforcement and emergency services
workers
• According to Canadian Mental Health Association, 8 percent

of Canadians who experienced a traumatic event developed
PTSD
Diseases
7. Infectious diseases
• Healthcare workers have the risk of contracting infectious
diseases such as hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis (TB) and even
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• TB is also a risk for workers in social services or correctional

facilities as they are in constant contact with high-risk
populations. This is also the case for lab workers.
Prevention of occupational diseases
Prevention of occupational
diseases
1. Public health measures
2. Engineering measures
3. Legislation and enforcement
Public Health measures
 Pre-placement exams
 Periodic examinations
 Medical and health care services
 Notifications
 Supervision of working environment
 Maintenance and analysis of records
 Health education and counseling
Engineering measures
 Designing of the buildings
 Good house keeping
 General ventilation
 Dusts control
 Enclose
 Isolate
 Local exhausts ventilations
 Protective
devices or personal protective
equipment (PPE)
 Environmental monitoring
 Research
Legislations and enforcement
 Policies
and regulations for factories,
work places, health of the workers eg
insurance, sickness policies, disability
benefits, etc.
 Strictenforcement of OSH laws and
policies
ILO List of Occupational
Diseases
1- Occupational diseases caused by exposure to agents
a) Diseases caused by chemical agents
b) Diseases caused by physical agents
c) Biological agents and infectious or parasitic diseases
2- Occupational diseases by target organ systems
d) Respiratory diseases
e) Skin diseases
f) Musculoskeletal disorders
g) Mental and behavioural disorders
3- Occupational cancer
4- Other diseases
ILO, 2010 revised list
Diseases
a) Diseases caused by Chemical Agents
1.1.1. Diseases caused by beryllium or its compounds
1.1.2. Diseases caused by cadmium or its compounds
1.1.3. Diseases caused by phosphorus or its compounds
1.1.4. Diseases caused by chromium or its compounds
1.1.5. Diseases caused by manganese or its compounds
1.1.6. Diseases caused by arsenic or its compounds
1.1.7. Diseases caused by mercury or its compounds
1.1.8. Diseases caused by lead or its compounds

Diseases
1.1.9. Diseases caused by fluorine or its compounds
1.1.10. Diseases caused by carbon disulfide
1.1.11. Diseases caused by halogen derivatives of aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbons
1.1.12. Diseases caused by benzene or its homologues
1.1.13. Diseases caused by nitro- and amino-derivatives of benzene or its
homologues
1.1.14. Diseases caused by nitroglycerine or other nitric acid esters

Diseases
1.1.15. Diseases caused by alcohols, glycols or ketones
1.1.16. Diseases caused by asphyxiants like carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen cyanide or its derivatives
1.1.17. Diseases caused by acrylonitrile
1.1.18. Diseases caused by oxides of nitrogen
1.1.19. Diseases caused by vanadium or its compounds
1.1.20. Diseases caused by antimony or its compounds

Diseases
1.1.21. Diseases caused by hexane
1.1.22. Diseases caused by mineral acids
1.1.23. Diseases caused by pharmaceutical agents
1.1.24. Diseases caused by nickel or its compounds
1.1.25. Diseases caused by thallium or its compounds
1.1.26. Diseases caused by osmium or its compounds
1.1.27. Diseases caused by selenium or its compounds
1.1.28. Diseases caused by copper or its compounds

Diseases
1.1.29. Diseases caused by platinum or its compounds
1.1.30. Diseases caused by tin or its compounds
1.1.31. Diseases caused by zinc or its compounds
1.1.32. Diseases caused by phosgene
1.1.33. Diseases caused by corneal irritants like benzoquinone
1.1.34. Diseases caused by ammonia
1.1.35. Diseases caused by isocyanates
1.1.36. Diseases caused by pesticides

Diseases
1.1.37. Diseases caused by sulphur oxides
1.1.38. Diseases caused by organic solvents
1.1.39. Diseases caused by latex or latex-containing products
1.1.40. Diseases caused by chlorine
1.1.41. Diseases caused by other chemical agents at work not mentioned in the
preceding items where a direct link is established scientifically, or determined by
methods appropriate to national conditions and practice, between the exposure to
these chemical agents arising from work activities and the disease(s) contracted by
the worker

Diseases
a) Diseases caused by Physical Agents
1.2.1. Hearing impairment caused by noise
1.2.2. Diseases caused by vibration (disorders of muscles, tendons, bones, joints,
peripheral blood vessels or peripheral nerves)
1.2.3. Diseases caused by compressed or decompressed air
1.2.4. Diseases caused by ionizing radiations
1.2.5. Diseases caused by optical (ultraviolet, visible light, infrared) radiations
including laser
1.2.6. Diseases caused by exposure to extreme temperatures
1.2.7. Diseases caused by other physical agents

Diseases
c) Diseases caused by Biological agents and infectious or parasitic diseases
1.3.1. Brucellosis
1.3.2. Hepatitis viruses
1.3.3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1.3.4. Tetanus
1.3.5. Tuberculosis
1.3.6. Toxic or inflammatory syndromes associated with bacterial or fungal
contaminants
1.3.7. Anthrax 1.3.8. Leptospirosis 1.3.9. Diseases caused by other biological agents

Diseases
2. Occupational diseases by target organ systems
2.1. Respiratory diseases
2.1.1. Pneumoconioses caused by fibrogenic mineral dust (Silicosis, anthraco-
silicosis, asbestosis)
2.1.2. Silicotuberculosis
2.1.3. Pneumoconioses caused by non-fibrogenic mineral dust
2.1.4. Siderosis
2.1.5. Bronchopulmonary diseases caused by hard-metal dust
2.1.6. Bronchopulmonary diseases caused by dust of cotton (byssinosis), flax,
hemp, sisal or sugarcane (bagassosis)

Diseases
2.1. Respiratory diseases
2.1.7. Asthma
2.1.8. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by the inhalation of organic dusts or
microbially contaminated aerosols, arising from work activities
2.1.9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases caused by inhalation of coal dust,
dust from stone quarries, wood dust, dust from cereals and agricultural work, dust
in animal stables, dust from textiles, and paper dust, arising from work activities
2.1.10. Diseases of the lung caused by aluminium
2.1.11. Upper airways disorders caused by recognized sensitizing agents or irritants
2.1.12. Other respiratory diseases
Diseases
2.2. Skin diseases
2.2.1. Allergic contact dermatoses and contact urticaria caused by other recognized
allergy- provoking agents arising from work activities not included in other items
2.2.2. Irritant contact dermatoses caused by other recognized irritant agents
arising from work activities not included in other items
2.2.3. Vitiligo caused by other recognized agents arising from work activities not
included in other items
2.2.4. Other skin diseases caused by physical, chemical or biological agents at work

Diseases
2.3. Musculoskeletal disorders
2.3.1. Radial styloid tenosynovitis due to repetitive movements, forceful exertions
and extreme postures of the wrist
2.3.2. Chronic tenosynovitis of hand and wrist due to repetitive movements,
forceful exertions and extreme postures of the wrist
2.3.3. Olecranon bursitis due to prolonged pressure of the elbow region

Diseases
2.3. Musculoskeletal disorders
2.3.4. Prepatellar bursitis due to prolonged stay in kneeling position
2.3.5. Epicondylitis due to repetitive forceful work
2.3.6. Meniscus lesions following extended periods of work in a kneeling or
squatting position
2.3.7. Carpal tunnel syndrome due to extended periods of repetitive forceful work,
work involving vibration, extreme postures of the wrist, or a combination of the
three
2.3.8. Other musculoskeletal disorders not mentioned in the preceding items

Diseases
3. Occupational Cancers
3.1: Cancers caused by the following agents:
3.1.1. Asbestos
3.1.2. Benzidine and its salts
3.1.3. Bis-chloromethyl ether (BCME)
3.1.4. Chromium VI compounds
3.1.5. Coal tars, coal tar pitches or soots
3.1.6. Beta-naphthylamine
3.1.7. Vinyl chloride
3.1.8. Benzene
Diseases
3.1.9. Toxic nitro- and amino-derivatives of benzene or its homologues
3.1.10. Ionizing radiations 3.1.11. Tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, anthracene, or
the compounds, products or residues of these substances
3.1.12. Coke oven emissions
3.1.13. Nickel compounds
3.1.14. Wood dust 3.1.15. Arsenic and its compounds

Diseases
3.1.13. Nickel compounds
3.1.14. Wood dust 3.1.15. Arsenic and its compounds
3.1.16. Beryllium and its compounds
3.1.17. Cadmium and its compounds
3.1.18. Erionite 3.1.19. Ethylene oxide
3.1.20. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
3.1.21. Cancers caused by other agents at work not mentioned in the preceding
items
Diseases
4. Other diseases
4.1. Miners’ nystagmus
4.2. Other specific diseases caused by occupations or processes not
mentioned in this list where a direct link is established scientifically, or
determined by methods appropriate to national conditions and
practice, between the exposure arising from work activities and the
disease(s) contracted by the worker

OSH Intro Injuries Diseases Sep2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OSH Intro Injuries Diseases Sep2024

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OSH Intro Injuries Diseases Sep2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Workplace Health

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-

• Examples of workplace incudes but not limited to all kinds of

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

• Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a

• more than 2.3 million deaths per year.

10–20% of the Gross National Product (GNP) of a country.

• This sector is largely undocumented and operates outside

• Male workers were found more vulnerable (4.4%) relative to female

% of occupational incidents/injuries reported in Pakistan (Labour survey 2017-2018)

• In December 2020, boiler explosion in a Karachi icemaking

<4 4–8 9–20 >20

PPE workers workers workers workers

Working dress/ overall 0 0 0 12.00

Safety helmet 0 0 0 9.25

Safety shoes 0 0 0 13.60

Safety gloves 0 0 0 11.30

• Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

• For example, if you are working on the ground in a

Occupational Safety and Health Administration - OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration - OSHA

I. Physical: e.g. heat, noise, radiation

II. Chemical: e.g. solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dust

III. Biological: e.g. tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV

Occupational Health- WHO 2001

Occupational Health- WHO 2001

• The number of workers in vulnerable employment increases

• Yet access to occupational health services is a right recognized by the

• Asthma is considered to be the most common occupational

• The ILO lists work-related asthma as being caused by

• MSDs account for 43 percent of all work-related injuries.

• Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most commonly

• According to Canadian Mental Health Association, 8 percent

• TB is also a risk for workers in social services or correctional

ILO, 2010 revised list

ILO, 2010 revised list

ILO, 2010 revised list

ILO, 2010 revised list

ILO, 2010 revised list