TOPIC 4 New

DEE1012-MEASUREMENT
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
 Apply the concept of measurement principles and

measuring equipment in electrical and electronic
measurement. (C3, PLO1)
 Solve problems of electrical and electronic circuit

using appropriate measuring operations and
theorems. (C3, PLO2)
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Know fundamental concept of DC bridge circuits
 Understand the principle of DC Bridge
 Apply basic concept of DC bridge circuit in

measuring resistance
4.0 DC BRIDGE
(02:02)
INTRODUCTION OF DC BRIDGE
Figure 4.0: The summary of introduction DC bridge.

THE BASIC DIAGRAM OF A STANDARD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT.
R1 R2
Ig
V Null
A Detector B
R3 R4
Figure 4.1: The basic schematic diagram of standard

bridge.
THE CONCEPT OF STANDARD BRIDGE CIRCUIT
• Bridge circuit generally refers to a circuit in which a load
is connected between two levels of resistors. The load is
call a null detector.
• When the voltage between point A is equal to the
voltage between point B, the null detector will indicate
zero.That means no current flow through the load.This
condition shows that the bridge is in balance.
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM The battery (v) is
connected between C
and B while the
galvanometer (G) is
connected between A
and B.
R4 is the unknown resistor
R1, R2 and R3 are resistors
of known resistance and
the resistance of R3 is
adjustable
• The arms consisting the resistances R1 and R2 are
called ratio arms. The arm consisting the standard
known resistance R3 is called standard arm.
• The resistance R4 is the unknown resistance to be

measured. The battery is connected between C and D
while galvanometer is connected between A and B.
• Now the bridge as two series circuits: one consisting

of resistors R1 and R3 and the other consisting of R2
and R4. The two series circuits are connected in
parallel with each other.
THE BRIDGES IN NULL CONDITION
• Bridge in null condition when the voltage between

point A is equal to the voltage between point B, the
null detector will indicate zero ( Ig = 0A).That means
no current flow through the load.
THE CONDITIONS FOR BALANCE BRIDGE
(NULL CONDITION)
When the wheatstone is balance three condition
must be consider which is:
• Voltage between the resistor arm is equal
VA = VB or VR3 = VR4
• No current flow to Galvanometer (Ig= 0 A) and
the current flows through R2 is equal to the
current flows through R4.
• The ratio of resistors on both side of the
bridge are equals.
DERIVATION GENERAL BRIDGE BALANCE
EQUATION FOR WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
R1 R2
V B
A G
R3 Rx=R4
Example 1:
Based on figure 4.2, derive the equation for R4 if the
bridge is in balance condition.
Figure 4.2
SOLUTION:
THE CALCULATION UNKNOWN RESISTANCE
IN BALANCED BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 1
The Wheatstone Bridge figure 4.3 has R1 = 10 KΩ and
R2 = 15KΩ. At balance point, R3 = 40KΩ. Calculate
the value of unknown resistance, R4.
Figure 4.3
SOLUTION:
From the bridge balance equation we have:
Therefore:
REVISION 1
With aid of the diagram, explain the principle
used in dc wheatstone bridge and calculate the
value of Rx, if given R1=10kΩ,R2=20kΩ and
R3=5kΩ 15marks
REVISION 2
A stable wheatstone bridge consists of a
network of four resistance arms which are R1,
R2, R3 and Rx. A current applied to two opposite
junctions. The current detector is connected to
the other two junction. Given that the value of
R1=4kΩ,R2=12kΩ and R3=8kΩ. Draw and label
the wheatstone bridge completely. Express the
bridge balance equation for Rx and calculate the
value of Rx.If R2 is two times the value of R1,
find the new value of Rx. (15marks)
REVISION 3
Illustrate a bridge null condition using a suitable
diagram. Derive the formula for Rx if the circuit
is in balanced condition. Then calculate Rx if R1
=15kΩ, R2=8kΩ, R3=3.3kΩ and Vg=0. 15marks
REVISION 4
A stable wheatstone bridge consists of a
network of four resistance arms which are
R1,R2,R3 and Rx. The current detector is
connected to the two junctions. Given that the
value of R1=4k, R2=12k and R3=8k. Draw and
label the wheatstone bridge completely. Express
the bridge balance equation for Rx and calculate
the value of Rx and if R2 is two times the value
of R1, find the new value of Rx
CONSTRUCTION WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT FOR
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
KELVIN BRIDGE
KELVIN BRIDGE
A specialized version of the Wheatstone bridge network
designed to eliminate, or greatly reduce, the effect of lead and
contact resistance and thus permit accurate measurement of
low resistance.
The circuit shown in the illustration accomplishes this by
effectively placing relatively high-resistance-ratio arms in series
with the potential leads and contacts of the low-resistance
standards and the unknown resistance.
 In this circuit RA and RB are the main ratio resistors,
Ra and Rb the auxiliary ratio, Rx the unknown, Rs the standard,
and Ry a heavy copper yoke of low resistance connected
between the unknown and standard resistors.
Derive Bridge Balance Equation for KELVIN BRIDGE
Derive Bridge Balance Equation for Kelvin Bridge
• From the circuit we can conclude that there

are 3 equations
• 1st equation
• 2nd equation
• 3rd equation
KELVIN BRIDGE
Substituting 1st and 2nd in 3rd

Differences between
Wheatstone and kelvin
• Wheatstone bridge (for medium resistance) is
unsuitable for measuring very small resistances,
of a few ohms or less. A Kelvin bridge is better
for measuring small resistances.
• Kelvin bridge operation is similar to the
Wheatstone bridge except for the presence of
additional resistors
REVISION 5
Discuss briefly about Kelvin Bridge. The
explanation should include the schematic circuit
diagram.
TUTORIAL
1. Figure 4.4 below shows a diagram of Wheatstone
bridge with constant of R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 1000Ω and
R3 = 200Ω. Determine the value for the unknown
arm, R4 if the bridge is in balance
Figure 4.4
2. Construct the wheatstone bridge circuit for unknow
resistance (Rx) measurement and calculate the value
of Rx if R1 = 1KΩ , R2=2KΩ , R3 = 1.3KΩ
TUTORIAL ANSWER
1) R4 = 2KΩ
2) Rx = 2.6 KΩ
Rr
REFERENCES
• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning
KELVIN BRIDGE
KELVIN BRIDGE
Rx = Rb
R2 Ra
Rx = Rb = 1
R2 Ra 1000
R1 = 0.5R2
R2 = 5/0.5 = 10 Ω
Rx /10 = 1/1000
Rx = 10 X (1/1000)
= 0.01 Ω

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DEE1012-MEASUREMENT

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

 Apply the concept of measurement principles and

 Solve problems of electrical and electronic circuit

 Know fundamental concept of DC bridge circuits

 Understand the principle of DC Bridge

 Apply basic concept of DC bridge circuit in

Figure 4.0: The summary of introduction DC bridge.

Figure 4.1: The basic schematic diagram of standard

• The resistance R4 is the unknown resistance to be

• Now the bridge as two series circuits: one consisting

• Bridge in null condition when the voltage between

• From the circuit we can conclude that there

Substituting 1st and 2nd in 3rd

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