Session 16 DC Motor

Department of
BES-II
FUNDAMENTALS OF IOT &
SENSORS
24EC1101
Topic:
DC MOTOR AND ITS
Session - 16
APPLICATIONS
AIM OF THE SESSION
To familiarize students with the working principle of DC Motor and its applications.
INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES
This Session is designed to:
1. Introduction to DC Motor
2. Architecture of DC Motor
3. Elaborate the basic mechanism of DC motor rotation.
4. Understand the applications of DC motors
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the architecture and working principle of a DC motor.
2. Describe the back EMF and its significance.
3. List out the potential applications of DC motor.
INTRODUCTION – Internal Parts
3
INTRODUCTION
• A Direct Current (DC) motor is a type of electrical machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism principle.
The relation between current flow and direction of rotation of a DC motor
4
HOW DC MOTORS WORKS?
Clockwise – Maximum Speed Clockwise – Controllable Speed
Anticlockwise – Maximum Speed Anticlockwise – Controllable Speed
5
HOW TO CONTROL DC MOTOR USING
ARDUINO
PWM
PWM
Arduino Driver
DC Motor
• Amplify the PWM signal from Arduino (Current and Voltage), for speed control.
• Receive the control signal from Arduino to swap pole of power supply, for
direction control.
6
PWM used for controlling
7
H-Bridge DC Motor Control
DC Motor
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 S1 S2 Spinning
Direction
0 0 Motor OFF
0 1 Backward
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 1 0 Forward
1 1 Motor OFF
8
L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC PINOUT AND IT’S
FEATURES
Features of the L293D Motor Driver

Module
• Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
• Separate Input-Logic Supply
• Internal ESD Protection
• High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
• Output Current 600 mA Per Channel
• Peak Output Current 1.2 A Per Channel
• Operation Temperature 0°C to 70°C.
• Automatic thermal shutdown is available
• Available in 16 pin DIP, TSSOP, SOIC
9
package
L298N MOTOR DRIVER IC PINOUT AND IT’S
FEATURES
Features of the L298N Motor Driver Module

• Driver model: L298N 2A
• Driver chip: Double H bridge L298N
• Operating supply voltage up to 46 V
• Total DC current up to 4 A, 2A per channel
• Low saturation voltage
• Over temperature protection
• Logical input voltage up to 1.5 V
• High noise immunity
• Can be interfaced with simple manual switches, TTL logic
gates, and relays.
10
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN L293D AND L298N MOTOR
DRIVER
• Operating Voltage: The L293D operates within the range of 4.5V to 36V, while the L298N
can handle up to 46V.
• Current Handling: The L293D can draw a maximum of 600mA per channel, whereas
the L298N can handle up to 2A per channel.
• Driver Configuration: The L293D is a quadruple motor driver with independent input-
output lines, using a half-H driver. In contrast, the L298N is a dual full-H driver.
• Output Current: The L293D has an output current of 650mA per channel, while the L298N
can handle up to 2A.
• EMF Provision: The L293D has internal EMF protection, whereas the L298N requires
external provision of EMF protection.
11
CONTROL THE DIRECTION OF DC MOTOR
 Control motor A spins clockwise How to Stop DC Motor Spinning
• Digitalwrite (IN1_PIN, HIGH)  Controls the speed to 0
• Digitalwrite (IN2_PIN, LOW) • analogWrite (ENA_PIN, 0);
 Control motor A spins anti-  Controls INI, IN2 pins to the same value (LOW or
clockwise HIGH)
• Digitalwrite (IN1_PIN, LOW) • digitalWrite (IN1 PIN, LOW);
• Digitalwrite (IN2_PIN, HIGH) • digitalWrite (IN2 PIN, LOW);

Or
• digitalWrite (INI PIN, HIGH);
• digitalWrite (IN2 PIN, HIGH);
12
ADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR
The advantages of using DC motors are listed

below:
• Low cost
• Easy motor speed control
• High reliability
• Minimal Maintenance
• High starting torque
• Quick starting
• Variable speeds
• Harmonics free
13
DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS
• Elevators
• Steel Mills
• Rolling Mills
• Locomotives
• Excavators
• Electric Knife
• Robotics
• Electric Toothbrush, Drill
etc
14
SUMMARY
• DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

• A DC motor controlled by an Arduino involves using a motor driver to interface
with the motor.
• The Arduino sends digital signals to the motor driver for direction
(forward/reverse) and uses PWM to control speed. The motor driver supplies
sufficient current to the motor.
• Arduino code is used to set direction and adjust PWM, making it a versatile
setup for various projects.
15
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of using a motor driver in a DC motor with Arduino setup?
a) To control the direction of the motor

b) To adjust the speed of the motor
c) To supply sufficient current to the motor
d) All of the above
2. How does PWM control the speed of a DC motor with Arduino?
a) By changing the motor's voltage polarity

b) By adjusting the duty cycle of the motor's supply voltage
c) By using a variable resistor in series with the motor
d) By switching the motor on and off rapidly
16
3. Which Arduino function is used to generate PWM signals to control the motor's speed?
a) analogRead()
b) digitalRead()
c) analogWrite()
d) digitalWrite()
4. In a DC motor with Arduino setup, which pins are typically used for direction control on the
motor driver?
a) A0 and A1
b) D2 and D3
c) D9 and D10
d) D13 and GND
17
5. What kind of current does a DC motor require to operate with an Arduino?
a) AC current
b) Alternating current
c) Direct current
d) Varying current
18
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
Short answer questions:

1. Draw the DC motor with a battery connections to run in clockwise and anticlockwise
directions.
2. Explain the use of a Motor driver. What are the various types of motor driver circuits?
3. Name few internal parts of a DC motor.
Long answer questions:
4. Connect the DC motor in H-bridge and control the direction of a DC motor.
5. Explain how the speed of a DC motor can be controlled using PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals.
6. Write an Arduino code to design a Differential Drive Robot using DC motors based on
Potentiometer.
REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE
SESSION
Reference Books:
1. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Stephan J. Chapman, Fourth Edition, Mc
Graw Hill Education, 2021
2. Electrical Machinery (Fully Revised Edition 2021), Second Edition, Khanna
Publishing
3. Electric Machinery, Sixth Edition, A.E. Fritzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr, Stephan
D. Umans, 2021
Sites and Web links:

• https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105017
20
THANK YOU
Team – Fundamentals of IoT & Sensors
21

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Department of

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

• In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism principle.

The relation between current flow and direction of rotation of a DC motor

Clockwise – Maximum Speed Clockwise – Controllable Speed

Anticlockwise – Maximum Speed Anticlockwise – Controllable Speed

Features of the L293D Motor Driver

Features of the L298N Motor Driver Module

 Control motor A spins clockwise How to Stop DC Motor Spinning

• Digitalwrite (IN1_PIN, HIGH)  Controls the speed to 0

• Digitalwrite (IN2_PIN, LOW) • analogWrite (ENA_PIN, 0);

• Digitalwrite (IN1_PIN, LOW) • digitalWrite (IN1 PIN, LOW);

• Digitalwrite (IN2_PIN, HIGH) • digitalWrite (IN2 PIN, LOW);

The advantages of using DC motors are listed

• DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

a) To control the direction of the motor

2. How does PWM control the speed of a DC motor with Arduino?

a) By changing the motor's voltage polarity

5. What kind of current does a DC motor require to operate with an Arduino?

Short answer questions:

Sites and Web links:

Team – Fundamentals of IoT & Sensors

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