Object Oriented

Programming

Overloading

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 Review
• Static as Keyword
• Static Members
o Member Variable / Data Member
o Member functions
• Friend Functions
• Friend Classes

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 Objective

• Function Overloading
• Operator Overloading

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 Function Overloading
• Function Overloading means, function having
same name but perform different tasks
depending on the situation.

• Function overloading is done with functions

having same name but carrying different
parameters.
• The parameters can be different in three ways
o In numbers
o In data types
o In order

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 Function Overloading -
Example
int intsquare ( int i ){
return i * i;
}
double doublesquare ( double d ){
return d * d;
}

• Function Overloading is the alternate to this situation. Instead to create

functions with different names, create functions having same name but perform
different tasks depending on the situation.

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 Example
// Overloadedfunctions.
#include <iostream>
Using namespace std; //for running program in
dev c++
// function squarefor int values
int square( int x)
{
cout << "squareofinteger " << x<< "is";
return x* x;
} // end function square with int
argument
// function squarefor double values
double square( double y)
{
cout << "squareofdouble " << y<< "is";
return y* y;
}/ / end function square with doubleargument 6
 Example (Cont.)
int main()
{
cout <<square(7) ; // calls int
version
cout <<endl;
cout << square(7.5); // calls
doubleversion
cout << endl;
} // end main

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 Output

square of integer 7 is 49
square of double 7.5 is
56.25

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 How its works
• Now, the compiler will automatically match
the prototype and will call the square()
according to parameters passed.

• The compiler selects the proper function to

call by examining the number, types and
order of the arguments in the call.

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Function Overloading

Functions having same name but

different parameters are called
overloaded functions.

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 Try it now

I think no need to try

;)

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 Operator Overloading
• Operator overloading is one of the most exciting
features of object-oriented programming.
• Similar to function overloading, with Operator
overloading you can perform different task
depending on the situation where it is being used.
• It can transform complex or obscure program listings
obvious ones. For example
• statements like
d3.addobjects(d1, d2);
or the similar but equally obscure
d3 = d1.addobjects(d2);
can be changed to the much more readable
d3 = d1 + d2;

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 Operator Overloading
• Operator overloading is a type of function overloading

• An operator is always overloaded relative to a class (an

user defined data type).

• An overloaded operator gets a special meaning relative

to its class.

• However, the operator does not loose its original

meaning relative to other data types

• To overload an operator an operator function is defined

for the class

• The operator function can be a member or a friend

function of the class
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 Overloading
• Using operator overloading we can perform
basic operations on our own defined class’s
objects in the similar way as we perform them
on basic built-in types(like int, float, long, double)

• For example we can write

• Object3=Object1+object2;

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 Example

Date Class

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 Example
class Date
{
int day;
int month;
int year;

};
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 Example
Date mydate; //object of the class date
• We want to increment one day to this date
mydate.increment();

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 Using operator
• By using operator overloading we can
write
mydate++;
• The term operator overloading refers to
giving the normal C++ operators such as
+, *, <=, and +=, additional meanings
when they are applied to user-defined
data types.

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Overload able
Operators

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 We can’t overload
these operators

• Member access operator (.)

• Scope resolution operator (::)
• Arrow operator or pointer to member
operator (->)
• .* (member selection through pointer to
function),
• and ? : (ternary conditional) operators

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 Example
class Date
{
int day, month, year;
public:
void incrementDay()
{
day++;
}
};

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 Example
void main()
{
Date mydate;
mydate.incrementDay();
}

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 Return Syntax
Type
Operator
keyword Operator

void operator ++()

{
// code here
}

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 Example with
Operator Overloading
class Date
{
int day, month, year;
public:
Date() //constructor
{ day=0; month=0; year=0; }
//prefix ++ operator
void operator ++()
{
++day;
}
};

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 Example with
Operator Overloading
int main()
{
Date mydate;
++mydate;
mydate.displayDate();
}

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 More about
Date mydate, tomorrow;
tomorrow=++mydate; //error
•We have to understand basic concept
of increment operator
int a, b;
a=0;
b=++a;

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 More about
• Overloading cannot change the
original precedence of the operator

• The number of operands on which

the operator would be applicable
cannot be changed too.

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 Revised date class
example 2
class Date
{
int day, month, year;
public:
Date operator ++()
{

Date temp;
temp.day=++day;
return temp;
}
};

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Revised Date example
2
Void main()
{
Date mydate,
tomorrow;
tomorrow=++mydate;
}
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 Benefits of operator
overloading
• In effect, operator overloading gives you the
opportunity to redefine the C++ language.
• If you find yourself limited by the way the C++
operators work, you can change them to do
whatever you want.
• Increases program readability
• We using classes to create new kinds of variables,
and operator overloading to create new
definitions for operators

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 Reading Material
• Chapter 9
o Innovative’s Object Oriented programming Using C++

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