Indian institute of information technology ,sonipat

Department of computer science and

Engineering
Subject- Fuzzy sets, Logic and Systems and Applications

UNIT I

Dr. Tayyab Khan

 Fuzzy logic
Theory
• Fuzzy logic was founded by Lotfi A. Zadeh, a
mathematician and computer scientist. He introduced the
concept in a seminal paper titled "Fuzzy Sets" in 1965.
• Zadeh's work laid the foundation for fuzzy logic, which
deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than
fixed and exact, making it a powerful tool for handling
uncertainty and imprecision in various fields such as
control systems, artificial intelligence, and decision-
making processes.

Prof.Lotfi A Zadeh, Father of fuzzy

logic
Fuzzy logic
Theory
• It involves soft or practical truth/false
• Deals with uncertainties due to ambiguity, impression and vagueness
• The term "soft" in soft computing refers to the use of approximate,
flexible, and tolerant techniques that mimic human reasoning to
solve complex real-world problems (Weather Forecasting, Medical
Diagnosis, Stock Market Prediction), as opposed to rigid and exact
methods in traditional computing.
• Multidiscipline area: it combines ideas from multiple fields like
mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, and control
systems. It is used in various domains such as engineering, medicine,
economics, and decision-making to handle uncertainty and
approximate reasoning.

Prof.Lotfi A Zadeh, Father of fuzzy

logic
 Introduction to Fuzzy Systems
Adopt the change of uncertainty very easily

 Allow for reasoning

Computational
under uncertainty Framework based on
and imprecision Fuzzy Logic
input Well suited for
 well suited for non- Fuzzy tackling the
linear system System uncertainty
Work very closely
Not strict on
with the human
true/false value
reasoning model
Use linguistic variables (e.g., "hot," "cold,"
"high," "low") and fuzzy rules (if-then
statements) to capture and express human
knowledge and intuition
Applications in various fields:
i) extensively used in control systems (e.g., industrial automation, robotics)
ii) Medical diagnosis systems use fuzzy logic to interpret symptoms
iii) utilized in consumer products such as washing machines, air conditioners, and
cameras to optimize settings
iv) Decision making
Chance versus Fuzziness
Chance and fuzziness are two distinct concepts used to model uncertainty
but they arise from different contexts and are applied
Deals with
differently Deals with
vagueness and randomness
ambiguity Based on variable
Uncertainty is due to whose possible values
the lack of precise Chan depend on a random
information Fuzziness ce Probability
phenomenon
Membership Function: (Fuzzy Logic) (Probabil Distribution: A
ity)
Assigns a membership function that
value to each element describes the
in the universe of likelihood of different
discourse. outcomes
 Why should we use Fuzzy
•Logic/systems?
Handles Uncertainty and Imprecision: Fuzzy logic can manage uncertainty and approximate
information, unlike traditional binary logic.
• Mimics Human Decision-Making: It replicates the way humans reason with vague or partial
information, allowing more natural decision processes.
• Flexible Solutions: It provides flexible, approximate solutions, ideal for real-world applications
where exact answers are not possible.
• Works with Incomplete Data: Fuzzy systems perform well even with incomplete or vague data
inputs.
• Useful in Various Domains: Fuzzy logic is applicable in control systems, pattern recognition,
artificial intelligence, medical diagnosis, and machine learning.
When should we not use fuzzy logic

• If we are sure that there are no uncertainties due to vagueness,

impression, and ambiguity present.
• White box model
• Linear systems
• System with moderate Non-Linearities
What criteria we should
follow to choose Membership value
membership functions? is also known as
belongingness
• Nature of the variable
• Resolution or level of details to be
included
• Nature of applications
• Design and optimization suitability
• Concepts to represent the variables
Crisp set :-
Crisp sets are classical sets defined in boolean logic that have only two
membership values - an element either fully belongs or does not belong
to the set.
S.No Crisp Set Fuzzy Set
Crisp set defines the value is Fuzzy set defines the value between 0
1
either 0 or 1. and 1 including both 0 and 1.

It is also called a classical It specifies the degree to which

2
set. something is true.

3 It shows full membership It shows partial membership.

Eg1. She is 18 years old. Eg1. She is about 18 years old.

4
Eg2. Rahul is 1.6m tall Eg2. Rahul is about 1.6m tall.

Crisp set application used for

5 Fuzzy set used in the fuzzy controller.
digital design.

6 It is bi-valued function logic. It is infinite valued function logic

Full membership means Partial membership means true to

7
totally true/false, yes/no, 0/1. false, yes to no, 0 to 1.
Example of crisp and fuzzy
set :-
Membership Functions:
• Prof. Zadeh generalized the notion of binary membership to
accommodate various degrees of membership in the
continuous interval [0,1]. The end point value “0” and “1”
indicates “no membership” and “full membership”
respectively with in this interval.
• A membership function can be any kind of function whose
value remains bounded in between 0 and 1.

A={(x, μA(x))|x ∈ X}

Where, μA (x) is called the membership function of x in A

 NOMENCLATURES USED IN FUZZY SET
THEORY
Today I am going to discuss following topics of
membership function:-
1.Support
2.Core
3.Crossover point
4.Height
5.Normality
6.Subnormal fuzzy
set
7.α−cut
8.Strong α−cut
9.Cardinality
1. Support:-
The support of fuzzy set A is the set of all points x in universe of discourse X
for any associated membership function such that μA (x)>0
Example of support:-
A fuzzy set A is given below for a universe of discourse X. Find the support
for the given set.
A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,0.3),(9,0.9),(10,1),(11,0.5),(12,0.3)}

Solution:
The support of a fuzzy set A compare all the value of x belongs to X for
which μA (x)>0. Hence the support for A will given as below.

Support(A) = {5,6,7,9,10,11,12}
2. Core :-
The core of fuzzy set A is the set of all points x in universe of Discourse X
such that μA (x) = 1. It can be represented as :
Core(A) = {x| μA (x) = 1}
Example of Core:-

A fuzzy set A is given below for a universe of discourse X. Find the core for the
given set.
A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,0.3),(9,1),(10,1),(11,0.5),(12,1)}

Solution:
The support of a fuzzy set A compare all the value of x belongs to
X for which μA (x) =1. Hence the core for A will given as below.

Core(A) = {9,10,12}
3. Cross Over point:-
The Cross over point of fuzzy set A is the set of all points x in
universe of discourse X for any associated membership function such
that μA (x) = 0.5.

Cross over point(A) = {x| μA (x) = 0.5}

3. Crossover Points:-
Example: A fuzzy set A is given for a universe of discourse X . Write
down the crossover points for the given set.

A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,0.5),(9,1),(10,1),(11,0.5),(12,1),(14,0.5}

Solution:
The crossover point for a fuzzy set A is given by the values of x which μA
(x) = 0.5. in this case, the crossover points are x = 7,11,14

Crossover(A) = {7,11,14}
4. Height of a fuzzy set :
• The height of a fuzzy set A is the maximum value of the
membership function . It is represented as:

hgt(A) = max[μA (x)]

• If hgt (A) < 1, then the fuzzy set A as “subnormal fuzzy set”.
• The hgt (A) =1 , then the fuzzy set A
4. Height of a fuzzy set:
Example:-
We have 3 fuzzy sets A,B,C being given for a universe of
discourse X. find out the height of the sets.
A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,0.5),(9,0.5),(10,0.1),(11,0.5),(12,1),(14,0.5}

B = {(5,0.1),(6,0.6),(7,0.2),(9,0.3),(10,0.4),(11,0.5),(12,0.9),(14,0.5}

C = {(10,0.4),(11,0.3),(12,0.2),(14,0.7)}

Solution:
For fuzzy sets A,B, and C, we have max[μA (x) = 1, μB (x) = 0.9,μC (x)
= 0.7,
Hence the height of these sets are as:
hgt(A) = 1, hgt(B) = 0.9 hgt(C) = 0.7
5. Normality of a Fuzzy Set
A fuzzy set A is Normal if its core is non empty.
In other words, we can always find a point x in universe of
discourse X such that μA (x) = 1
5. Normality of a fuzzy set:
We have 3 fuzzy sets A,B,C being given for a universe of discourse
X. find out the normality of the sets.
A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,1),(9,0.5),(10,0.1),(11,0.5),(12,1),(14,0.5}

B = {(5,0.1),(6,0.6),(7,0.2),(9,0.3),(10,0.4),(11,0.5),(12,0.8),(14,0.5}

C = {(10,1),(11,1),(12,0.2),(14,0.7)}
Solution:
For fuzzy sets A,B, and C, we have core(A) ={7,12}, core(B) = ө core(C) ,
= {10,11}
Hence the core of A and C is non empty so the fuzzy set A and C is Normal
Fuzzy set and core of B is empty so B is sub-nomal fuzzy set.
6. α−cut :-
Alpha cut or alpha level set of a fuzzy set is a crisp set that is
defined as
Aα={x|μ A ( x )
≥α }
7. Strong α−cut :-
Strong alpha cut whose value is greater that value of crisp set a.

Aα={x|μ A ( x ) >α }
Alpha cut and strong α−cut of a fuzzy
set :-
Example:
A fuzzy set A is given for universe of discourse X. write down
the Alpha cut sets for a=0.4,0.6 and strong α−cut sets for a =0.6.

A={(5,0.1),(6,0.4),(7,0.5),(8,1),(9,0.7),(10,0.3),(11,1),(12,0.7),(13,0.6),(14,0.5),(15,0.5)}

Solution:
α−cut for a= 0.4 = {6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15}
α−cut for a= 0.6 = {8,9,11,12,13}
Strong α−cut a=0.6={8,9,11,12}
8. Cardinality of a Fuzzy Set:-

• In crisp set, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the “number of

element of the set”. For example, the set A={5,10,15,20} contain 4
elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 4.

• However, for a continuous fuzzy set the universe of discourse will have
infinite elements. Therefore, the cardinality of the continuous fuzz set
is infinite .
8. Cardinality of a Fuzzy Set:-
Example:
A fuzzy set A is given for universe of discourse X. find out the
cardinality of the fuzzy set.
A = {(5,0.1),(6,0.2),(7,0.5),(9,0.5),(10,0.1),(11,0.5),(12,1),(14,0.5}

B = {(5,0.1),(6,0.6),(7,0.2),(9,0.3),(10,0.4),(11,0.5),(12,0.9),(14,0.5}

C = {(10,0.4),(11,0.3),(12,0.2),(14,0.7)}
Solution:
The cardinality of fuzzy set A,B and C is-
card(A) = 8 ,Card(B) = 8 ,Card(C) = 4
THANKS