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TITLE
SUBHEADING
Investigative Project By
Vibhav Jaiswal
Class 11th A
Certificate
It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to
investigate about the subject matter and the related
data collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by X of
CLASS XI A,
Army Public School Ahmedabad Cantt, regarding his
project titled “XXX".
Teacher’s Signature
Table of Content
1.Introduction
1.1 Background and Significance of the Study
1.2 Objectives of the Investigation
2.Historical Context
2.1 Historical Background of Kepler’s Work
2.2 Impact on Modern Astronomy
3.Overview of Kepler’s Laws
3.1 Kepler’s First Law: Law of Orbits
3.2 Kepler’s Second Law: Law of Areas
3.3 Kepler’s Third Law: Law of Harmonies
4.Methodology
4.1 Analytical Techniques
4.1.1 Mathematical Modeling (Formulary)
Formulary
In terms of elliptical parameters;
In a small time dt the planet sweeps out a small triangle having base line and
height and area , so the constant areal velocity is
The area enclosed by the elliptical orbit is So the period satisfies
and the mean motion of the planet around the Sun
Satisfies
And so,
Formulary
Third law A more detailed derivation can be

done with general elliptical orbits,
Kepler's third law states that:
instead of circles, as well as orbiting
The ratio of the square of an object's the center of mass, instead of just the
orbital period with the cube of the large mass. This results in replacing a
semi-major axis of its orbit is the circular radius, r, with the semi-major
same for all objects orbiting the same axis, a, of the elliptical relative motion
primary. of one mass relative to the other, as
well as replacing the large mass M
This captures the relationship with M + m. However, with planet
between the distance of planets from masses being so much smaller than
the Sun, and their orbital periods. the Sun, this correction is often
Kepler enunciated in 1619 this third ignored. The full corresponding
law in a laborious attempt to formula is:
determine what he viewed as the
"music of the spheres" according to
precise laws, and express it in terms
of musical notation. It was therefore
known as the harmonic law. The
original form of this law (referring to Is a Constant
not the semi-major axis, but rather a
"mean distance") holds true only for For Comparison:
planets with small eccentricities near
zero.
Using Newton's law of gravitation
(published 1687), this relation can be Planet (AU) Period
found in the case of a circular orbit by (days)
setting the centripetal force equal to
the gravitational force:
Mercury 0.38710 87.9693 7.496
Venus 0.72333 224.700 7.496

8
Then, expressing the angular velocity ω
in terms of the orbital period T and then 365.256
rearranging, results in Kepler's Third Earth 1 4 7.496
Law:
Mars 1.52366 686.979 7.495

6
Jupiter 5.20336 4332.82 7.504

01
Saturn 9.53707 10775.5 7.498

99
Conclusion
Conclusion on Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion:
Kepler's Laws provide a foundational understanding of planetary motion,

describing how celestial bodies orbit a central star. These laws were
revolutionary because they departed from the earlier belief in circular orbits and
uniform speeds, proposing instead elliptical orbits and variable speeds that
matched observational data much more accurately.
Kepler's First Law (Law of Orbits) describes that planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun at one of the foci. This law helped establish that celestial orbits are
not perfect circles, which aligned well with observations of planetary paths.
Kepler's Second Law (Law of Areas) states that a planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal times, implying that planets move faster when they are closer to the
Sun and slower when they are farther. This law highlighted the non-uniform
motion of planets and provided insight into gravitational influence on orbital
speed.
Kepler's Third Law (Law of Harmonies) shows a mathematical relationship
average distance from the Sun, expressed as 𝑇^2 ∝ 𝑟3 .

between the time it takes for a planet to orbit the Sun (its orbital period) and its
This relationship was key in forming later theories about gravitational forces.
Kepler’s Laws were instrumental in leading to Newton’s theory of gravitation, as

they provided quantitative evidence that celestial motion is governed by
predictable laws. These laws remain applicable today, not only for planets but
also for satellites and other celestial bodies. They are fundamental in modern
astrophysics and astronomy, impacting fields such as space exploration, satellite
technology, and the study of exoplanets.
In summary, Kepler's Laws transformed our understanding of the universe,

moving us from a geocentric and circular-orbit model to a heliocentric system
with elliptical orbits, laying the groundwork for modern physics and space
science.

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TITLE

In terms of elliptical parameters;

The area enclosed by the elliptical orbit is So the period satisfies

and the mean motion of the planet around the Sun

Third law A more detailed derivation can be

Venus 0.72333 224.700 7.496

Mars 1.52366 686.979 7.495

Jupiter 5.20336 4332.82 7.504

Saturn 9.53707 10775.5 7.498

Kepler's Laws provide a foundational understanding of planetary motion,

Kepler's Third Law (Law of Harmonies) shows a mathematical relationship

average distance from the Sun, expressed as 𝑇^2 ∝ 𝑟3 .

Kepler’s Laws were instrumental in leading to Newton’s theory of gravitation, as

In summary, Kepler's Laws transformed our understanding of the universe,

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