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Chapter Onee

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52 views18 pages

Chapter Onee

Uploaded by

gelgeuk02
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter One

Computers and Computing

Prepared by:
Alemayehu N. 1
Introduction
 Computers are intelligent devices that mimic
human behavior with respect to :
 remembering data and events
 processing information and
 making logical decisions
 Information is stored, recalled, manipulated,
and combined in their circuitry to achieve a
desired effect
Components of Computer

 Two types:
Hardware
Software
Hardware:
 Physical components including:
 wires
 electronics
 circuits
 Cards
 boards and
 various peripheral devices
Hardware:

 Permanent information is stored in permanent


recordable media such as:
 hard disk drives (HDD), commonly called hard
drives (HD)
 compact disks with read-only memory
(CDROM), and
 digital versatile discs (DVD)
Hardware components,
CPU:

 The centerpiece of computer hardware is the central


processor housed in the motherboard
 The main component of the processor is a microchip
fabricated as a compact integrated circuit, called the
central processing unit (CPU) or the microprocessor
 Its function is to perform numerical computations and
make logical decisions, collectively called operations
 The control unit (CU) of the CPU interprets and
prioritizes instructions, and the arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) executes instructions
 A microprocessor can be rated in terms of its clock
frequency or clock rate
Software

 Instructions, parameters, settings, and


other data are classified as software
 The instructions allow a computer to
recognize the hardware, carry out tasks,
learn by experience, and exhibit artificial
intelligence
 Utility and application software provides
further functionality
Operating system

 An operating system is a program written


in a mid-level language such as C or C++,
prescribing procedures and parameters
that tell the computer how to organize its
physical components into logical units,
manage the memory, and communicate
with the environment
 Examples of operating systems include
the Unix system and its many variations,
the Windows OS, and the Mac OS
The binary system

 The binary system provides a framework


for describing numbers with binary strings
 Once we know how to manipulate
numbers, we can proceed to handle letters
of the alphabet by assigning to each one
of them a numerical code
 Strings of letters form words, and strings
of words form sentences, instructions, and
conclusions that can be true or false
Bits

 Computers work with the binary or base-two system


of numbers that uses the two digits 0 and 1 instead
of the ten digits 0 – 9 of the more familiar decimal or
base-ten system
 The number two is the radix of the binary system,
and the number ten is the radix of the decimal
system
 In the binary system, a number is denoted as:

 where k and l are two integer indices, the binary


digits or bits, bi, take the value of 0 or 1, and the
period (.) is the binary point. The implied value is
Bits

where m and n are two integers, the decimal digits di take


values in the range 0 – 9, and . is the decimal point. The
subscript 10 is omitted by convention in everyday
exchange. The implied value is equal to
Bits

 Largest integer encoded by p bits


 The largest integer that can be represented
with p bits is
Bits
 When one bit is available, we can describe
only the integers 0 and 1, and the largest
integer is 1.
 With two bits the maximum is 3, with three
bits the maximum is 7,
 with eight bits the maximum is 255, and
with thirty-one bits the maximum is
214,748,3647.
Signed integers

 To encode a signed integer, we allocate


the first bit to the sign
 If the leading bit is 0, the integer is
positive; if the leading bit is 1, the integer
is negative
 The largest signed integer that can be
represented with p bits is then 2p − 1
 According to this convention, the integer

−5 = −(101)2 is stored as the binary string


1101
Bytes and nibbles

 A set of eight bits is one byte. The largest


integer that can be represented with one
byte is

One byte is sometimes divided into two groups of four bits called
nibbles.Thus, a nibble is half a byte
Decimal to binary conversion

 Toexpress the decimal number 6.28125 in the binary


system, we first consider the integral part, 6, and
compute the ratios:
Cont’d…
 Next, we consider the decimal part and compute the products:
0.28125*2 = 0.5625
0.56250*2 = 1.1250
0.12500*2 =0.2500
0.25000*2 = 0.5000
0.50000** = 1.0000
We stop when the decimal part has become equal to zero. Taking
the integer bold-faced figures in forward order, we find
 (0.28125) = (.01001)
10 2
 Now combining the integral and decimal representations, we
find
 (6.28125)10 = (110.01001)2
Binary to decimal conversion

 Question

(111.1011)2 = ( ? )10
Ans : 7.6875 HOW
Reading Assignment on:
Binary of Addition, Subtraction,
multiplication
THE END!!!

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