Chapter One

Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Internet
What is a computer?
 It is an electronic device operating under
control of instructions stored in its own
memory.
 Data processing, data storage, data
movement and control.
Network
Network Switches
Interconnected networks
Introduction to
Internet
 Internet is a collection of millions of
computers around the world that are all
connected to one another. It is a global
network of computers.
 It is a very large wide area networks
connecting computers and networks
around the world.
 These computers are connected through
high speed telecommunication devices.
Why we are connecting devices?
 Information Sharing: The internet allows users to
access and share information quickly and easily. This
can be anything from academic research and news
articles to social media updates and entertainment
content.
 Communication: It provides various means for people
to communicate, including email, instant messaging,
video calls, and social networking platforms. This
connectivity helps individuals and organizations stay in
touch and collaborate across distances.
Conti……
 Access to Services: Many services that we rely on
today, such as online banking, shopping, and cloud
storage, are only possible because of the internet. It
facilitates a wide range of commercial and practical
applications.
 Globalization: By connecting computers worldwide, the
internet has contributed to a more interconnected and
globalized world. Businesses can operate
internationally, and individuals can learn about and
interact with cultures from around the globe.
Client, Server, and
Internet services
 A client is a device or application that requests
resources or services from a server.
 A server is a computer or software that provides
resources, services, or data to clients.
 Servers are set up to respond to requests from
clients and deliver the requested information or
functionality.
Internet applications
 Internet applications refer to software programs
that run on web servers and can be accessed
through browsers via the internet. These
applications provide a wide variety of services
and functionalities, such as communication,
data management, entertainment, and online
business operations.
Internet Services
 Internet services refer to the various
functionalities and applications available
over the internet, often provided by servers.
 These services use the internet to deliver
content and interact with users.
 Electronic mail, FTP, Telnet, the WWW and
others.
E Mail:
 Stand for electronic mail. It is the exchange of
messages and files using internet.
 Message can be in the form of graphics,
sounds, video clips or simple text. It is the fast
way of sending messages anywhere in the
world in a very short time.
 Email Services: Servers that manage and
transmit email messages.
FTP:
 Used on internet for sending files from one
place to another. Audio, video, graphics
and data files can be uploaded or
downloaded using this protocol.
 The process of transferring a file from
remote computer to a local computer is
called downloading.
 The process of transferring a file from a
local computer is called uploading.
Other services
 Web Hosting: Servers that host websites and
deliver web pages to users.
 File Storage: Cloud storage services that store
and manage files online, such as Google Drive or
Dropbox.
 Streaming: Services that deliver video or audio
content in real time, like Netflix or Spotify.
 Others
Content Management
Systems
 A Content Management System (CMS) is a
software platform that enables users to create,
manage, and modify digital content on websites
without needing to write code.
 Popular CMS Platforms: WordPress,
Joomla, Drupal, Magento, Squarespace, Wix
and Ghost
Website, Web page
and Web browser
 A web page is a single document on the internet
that can be viewed in a web browser. It’s the
basic unit of a website, often written in HTML
(Hypertext Mark-up Language) and styled with
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets).
 A web page can include text, images, videos,
links, forms, and other multimedia elements.
Conti…….
 A website is a collection of related web pages that
are typically grouped together under a common
domain name. Websites are hosted on servers and
can be accessed via the internet.
 A website usually has multiple web pages, including
a homepage, about page, contact page, and other
content-specific pages. Websites are often
organized into a hierarchical structure with menus
and links that facilitate navigation between pages.
Conti…….
 A web browser is a software application used to
access and interact with content on the World
Wide Web. It translates and displays web pages
from servers, allowing users to view and
navigate websites.
 Popular Web Browsers: Google Chrome,
Firefox, Edge, Safari and Opera
Web hosting
 It is a service that allows individuals and
organizations to make their websites accessible
on the internet. When you create a website, it
consists of various files (like HTML, CSS,
images, videos, and scripts) that need to be
stored and served to users who visit your site.
 Web hosting provides the infrastructure and
services to store these files and deliver them to
visitors’ browsers.
Key Components of Web
Hosting
 Server: A web hosting provider uses powerful
computers, known as servers, to store and
manage your website’s files. These servers are
equipped with the necessary software and
hardware to handle web traffic and serve content.
 Storage: Web hosting plans provide a certain
amount of storage space on the server for your
website’s files. This includes space for HTML
files, images, databases, and other content.
Conti…….
 Bandwidth: This refers to the amount of data that
can be transferred from your server to users over a
given period. Higher bandwidth allows more visitors
to access your site without performance issues.
 Domain Name: While not part of hosting itself, a
domain name (like example.com) is often
associated with your hosting plan. It serves as the
web address where users can find your website.
Conti…….
 Email Accounts: Many web hosting services
offer email hosting as well, allowing you to
create professional email addresses (e.g.,
info@example.com) linked to your domain.
 Security: Web hosting providers often include
security features like SSL (Secure Sockets
Layer) certificates to encrypt data transmitted
between users and your site, as well as tools to
protect against malware and other threats.
WWW: World Wide Web
 It is a collection of millions of websites.
A web site contains different web pages
containing information.
 It organizes this information in such a
way that user can easily search and
access the required information.
Internet Protocols
 Protocol is a set of rules
 Internet protocols are set of rules
governing communication within and
between computers on a network.
Common Internet Protocols
 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol governs
how files such as text, graphics, sounds, and
video are exchanged on the world wide web.
 FPT: File Transfer Protocol provides services
for file transfer and manipulation.
 IP Address: An IP Address is a number that is
used to identify a device on the network. A
unique address of all network devices
Conti…….
 DNS (Domain Name System)DNS: Translates
human-readable domain names (like
example.com) into IP addresses (like
192.0.2.1).
 It acts like a phonebook for the internet,
allowing browsers to find and connect to
websites using domain names.
History:
Early 1960 during cold war of Russia and America.
American wanted to communicate with Armed
Forces. A network of four computers was
developed in the beginning. Project handed to
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency) to connect Defense Companies.
Universities and research organizations started
their own networks
Packet switching
Concept
Packet switching is a fundamental technology used in
computer networks and the internet to efficiently transmit
data between devices.
 When data is sent over a network using packet switching, it
is broken down into smaller units called packets.
 Each packet is sent independently through the network
and
 Once all the packets reach their destination, they are
reassembled in the correct order to reconstruct the original
data.
The End

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