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    1 - C++

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    1 - C++

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    bo227416
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    1- C++ (1)

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    13 views21 pages

    1 - C++

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    You are on page 1of 21

    Lecture One

    Presented by:
    Abubakar Elsafi.
    Course Outline
    1. Introduction
    2. Flow of control
    3. Loops
    4. Arrays and strings
    5. Functions
    6. Pointers
    7. Classes
    8. Member Functions
    9. Inheritance
    10. Overloading
    11. Polymorphism
    12. Files
    13. Dynamic Memory Allocation
    Course Assessment
    40% assignments + midterm test
    60% final exam

    Attendance in both lecture and lab sessions is compulsory.


    C++ : Origins and Features
    •An extension of the language C; fast, portable and
    widely used
    •Written by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs, then
    called ‘With Classes’
    •Both high level features and low level features
    •Object oriented language
    Encapsulation, inheritance, modularity and
    polymorphism
    •Everything in C++ is case sensitive:
    someName is not the same as SomeName
    The Compilation Process
    A Hello World Program
    1. // My First program in C++
    2. #include <iostream.h>
    3. int main ()
    4. {
    5. cout << "Hello
    World!";
    6. return 0;
    7. }

    Output:
    Hello World!
    Line-By-Line Explanation
    1. // Comments: no effect on the behavior of the program.
    C++ supports two ways to insert comments:
    // line comment
    /* break comment */
    2. #include <iostream.h>: tells the preprocessor to include
    the iostream standard file
    3. int main (): starts the main function.
    5. cout << "Hello World!“: prints the string.
    6. return 0: causes the main to finish.
    The main() function
    •Execution of the program starts here.
    •The return type of main must be int.
    •main may not be called from inside the program, only
    the system may call the main function.
    •int main() { }.
    C++ character set
    •0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •
    •A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
    •a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    •_ $ { } [ ] # ( ) < > % : ; . ? * + / ^ & | ~ ! = , \ " ‘ <SPACE>
    A Hello World Program
    /* my second program in C++
    with more comments */
    #include <iostream>
    int main ()
    {
    cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello World!
    cout << "I'm a C++ program"; // prints I'm a
    C++ program
    return 0;
    }

    Output:
    Hello World! I'm a C++ program
    C++ Keywords
    •This is a list of reserved keywords in C++. Since they
    are used by the language, these keywords are not
    available for use by programmers.
    auto const double float int short struct unsigned
    unsigned break break continue continue else else for
    for long long signed signed switch void case default
    enum goto register sizeof typedef volatile char do
    extern if return static union while ,ETC.
    •You cannot define variables, functions, or classes that
    have these keywords as their names.
    Operators in C++
    •An operator is a symbol that causes the compiler to take
    an action. Operators act on operands, and in C++ all
    operands are expressions.

    •Types of operators:
    •Assignment operator: x = a + b;
    •Mathematical operator: +, -, *, /, %
    • Integer Division : 21 / 5 = 4
    • Modulus : Gives the remainder. 21 % 4 = 1
    Data types in C++
    •A formal description of what kind of data its value is.
    Data types in C++ (Cont.)
    Variable declaration
    •A variable is a named location in memory.
    •may contain numbers, letters, and underscores(_), and
    may not start with a number.
    •Write the data type first, then the variable name:
    int a;
    char ch = ‘a’ ;
    float x , y= 5.2 ; //Separated by a comma
    •Clarity and readability. Relevance. Verbs for functions.
    line, savingsAccount , getName()
    •Constants are all in uppercase.
    float PI = 3.141592653;
    Example:
    # include <iostream.h>
    int main ()
    {
    int x;
    x = 4+2;
    cout << x / 3 <<' '<< x * 2;
    return 0;
    }

    Output:
    2 12
    Example:
    #include <iostream.h>
    int main ()
    {
    // declaring variables:
    int a, b, result;
    // process:
    a = 5;
    b = 2;
    a = a + 1;
    result = a - b;
    cout << result; // print out the result:
    return 0; // terminate the program:
    }

    Output:
    4
    Constants
    •Constants are expressions with a fixed value.
    #define identifier value
    #define PI 3.14159
    •
    Example:
    // defined constants: calculate circumference
    #include <iostream.h>
    #define PI 3.14159
    #define NEWLINE '\n'
    int main ()
    {
    double r = 5.0; // radius
    double circle;
    circle = 2 * PI * r;
    cout << circle;
    cout << NEWLINE;
    return 0;
    }

    Output:
    31.4159
    Input
    •cin>> is the syntax for inputting values.
    Example:

    # include <iostream >


    int main ()
    {
    int x;
    cin >> x;
    cout << x / 3 << ’ ’ << x*2;
    return 0;
    }
    Example:
    #include <iostream.h>
    int main ()
    {
    int i;
    cout << "Please enter an integer value: ";
    cin >> i;
    cout << "The value you entered is " << i;
    cout << " and its double is " << i*2 << ".\n";
    return 0;
    }

    Output:
    Please enter an integer value: 702
    The value you entered is 702 and its double is
    1404.

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