Lecture 1-Intoduction To DBMS

Lecture 1
Introduction to Database System
DBMS + Database = Database System

In this lecture, you will learn:
• Data Vs Information
• What is a database?
• File based systems & their
disadvantages
• Components of the DBMS environment
• Advantages & disadvantages of using
DBMS
Data vs. Information
There is a subtle difference between data and

information. Data are the facts or details from
which information is derived. Individual pieces of
data are rarely useful alone. For data to become
information, data needs to be put into context.
Data:
– Raw facts
– Raw-Have not yet processed to reveal their
meaning
– The raw materials in the production of
information
• Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to
be processed. Data can be something
simple and seemingly random and useless
until it is organized.
Example: Each student's test score is one piece of
data.
Information
– Data processed to reveal meaning

– Data after manipulation
– When data is processed, organized,
structured or presented in a given context so
as to make it useful, it is called information.
Example: The average score of a class or

of the entire school is information that
can be derived from the given data.
Data Information
• raw facts • data with context
• no context • processed data
• just numbers and • value-added to
text data
– summarized
– organized
– analyzed
• Data: 51007
• Information:
– 5/10/07 The date of your final exam.
– $51,007 The average starting salary of an
accounting major.
– 51007 Zip code of Bronson Iowa.
Characteristics of useful information
Just a moment-Key points
• Data constitute the building blocks of information
• Information is produced by processing data
• Information is used to reveal the meaning of data
• Accurate, relevant, and timely information is key
to good decision making
• Good decision making is key to survival in global
environment
Introducing the Database
• Database—shared, integrated computer

structure that stores a collection of :
– End user data (raw facts)
– Metadata (data about data)

Metadata
• Data about data

• It is through which the end-user data are
integrated and managed.
• The metadata provides a description of the
data characteristics and the set of
relationships that link data found within the
database.
Examples of Metadata
• Camera
• In the context of a camera, where the data is
the photographic image but…
• Metadata would typically include the date the
photograph was taken and details of the
camera settings (lens, focal length, aperture,
shutter timing, white balance, etc.)
Examples of Metadata
• In a library, where the data is the content of

the titles stocked, metadata about a title
would typically include a description of the
content, the author, the publication date and
the physical location
Purpose of metadata
• Metadata provides context for data

• Metadata is used to facilitate the
understanding, characteristics, and
management usage of data
Examples of Database Applications
• Purchases from the supermarket
• Purchases using your ATM cards
• Booking a holiday at the travel agents
• Taking out insurance
• VISA applications
• Studying at university/college
• Mobile operators
• All major domains of human activity use database
technology!!!
• Hard to imagine modern world without database
technology
Manual File Systems
• Traditionally composed of collection of file
folders kept in file cabinet
• Organization within folders was based on
data’s expected use (ideally logically related)
• System was adequate for small amounts of
data with few reporting requirements
• Finding and using data in growing collections
of file folders became time-consuming and
cumbersome
Conversion from Manual File System
to Computer File System
• Could be technically complex, requiring hiring
of data processing (DP) specialists
• DP specialists created file structures, wrote
software, and designed application programs
• Resulted in numerous “home-grown” or
legacy systems being created
File-Based Systems -Meaning
• Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).
• Each program defines and manages its own

data.
A Simple File System
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other
programs.
 Duplication of data
• Same data is held by different programs.
• Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code.
 Incompatible file formats
• Programs are written in different languages,
and so cannot easily access each other’s
files.
 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular
functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
In Summary
• Data stored in files Program 1
Data Definition 1
• Application programs Data Manipulation 1
File 1
work directly on files Program 2

Data Definition 2 File 2
• Data defined separately Data Manipulation 2
in each program Program 3

Data Definition 3 File 3
• Data processing Data Manipulation 3
(manipulation) takes
place separately in each Redundant data
program
• Data redundant across
files
Database Approach
Arose because:
• Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
• No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.
Result:
• the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database
• A very large, integrated collection of data.
• Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
• System catalog (metadata) provides description of

data to enable program–data independence.
• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes,

and relationships of an organization’s information.
What Is a DBMS?
• Is a software system designed to store,

manage, and facilitate access to databases.
• A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.
• (Database) application program: a computer
program that interacts with database by issuing
an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the
DBMS.
The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between
the End User and the Database
Examples of DBMS
• MS Access
• MySQL – freeware (Windows & Unix) to be
used in this course
• PostgreSQL – freeware (Windows & Unix)
• SQL Server – Microsoft database server
Please remember!!!
Database vs. File System
• Problems inherent in file systems make using
a database system desirable
• File system
– Many separate and unrelated files
• Database
– Logically related data stored in a single logical
data repository
Contrasting Database and File
Systems
Components of the DBMS environment
• Database system is composed of 5 main
parts:
Data
Hardware Software Procedures People
Bridge
Machine Human
• Hardware
– Single PC
– A single mainframe
– Server-client Model
• Software
– DBMS
– Network software
– Programming languages
• Data
– Operational data
– Metadata
– System catalog-contains metadata
• Procedures
– Log on to DBMS
– Start & Stop DBMS
• People (Jobs for you?)

– Data & database administrators
– Database designers
– Application developers
– End-users (naive and sophisticated)
The Database System Environment
(continued)
Advantages of DBMSs
• Control of data redundancy
• Data consistency
• More information from the same amount of data
• Sharing of data
• Enforcement of standards
• Economy of scale
• Data independence: Applications insulated from
how data is structured and stored.
• Efficient data access
Advantages of a DBMS
• Concurrency Control
 Concurrent execution of user programs.
 Keep the CPU working on several
programs
 DBMS ensures that concurrent
transactions appear to run in isolation.
• Improved data integrity & security
• Data administration:
Advantages of DBMSs
• Balance conflicting requirements
• Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness:
• Increased productivity
• Improved maintenance through data
independence
• Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure
Conclusion
• Database - valuable shared resource in an
organization
• Advantages in using DBMS in an application
outweigh disadvantages
• Database study involves
– Designing databases + using them in applications
– Generic functionality of the DBMS
• How is this done? – Relational Model

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Lecture 1

Introduction to Database System

DBMS + Database = Database System

There is a subtle difference between data and

– Data processed to reveal meaning

Example: The average score of a class or

• Database—shared, integrated computer

– Metadata (data about data)

• Data about data

• In a library, where the data is the content of

• Metadata provides context for data

• Each program defines and manages its own

work directly on files Program 2

in each program Program 3

• System catalog (metadata) provides description of

• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes,

• Is a software system designed to store,

• People (Jobs for you?)

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