Chapter 4 Part 1

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Lecture 4 – Engineering Physics

Dr. Danyal Mahmood


Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions

4.1. What is Physics?


4.2. Position and Displacement
4.3. Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
4.4. Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
4.5. Projectile Motion
4.6. Projectile Motion Analyzed
4.7. Uniform Circular Motion
4.8. Relative Motion in One Dimension
4.9. Relative Motion in Two Dimensions
What is Physics?
Position and Displacement
• The position of an
object is described
by its position
vector, r
• The displacement
of the object is
defined as the
change in its
position
– Δr = rf - ri
General Motion Ideas
• In two- or three-dimensional kinematics,
everything is the same as as in one-
dimensional motion except that we must
now use full vector notation
– Positive and negative signs are no longer
sufficient to determine the direction
Position and Displacement

Position vector:
Position and Displacement

Displacement :
EXAMPLE 1: Displacement
In Fig., the position vector for a
particle is initially at

and then later is

 
What is the particle's displacement from r1 to r2 ?
Problem 2
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the


rabbit’s position vector in
unit-vector notation and in
magnitude-angle
notation?
Average Velocity
• The average velocity is
the ratio of the
displacement to the
time interval for the
displacement
r
v
t
– The direction of the
average velocity is the
direction of the
displacement vector, Δr
Average Velocity, cont
• The average velocity between points is
independent of the path taken
– This is because it is dependent on the
displacement, also independent of the path
Average Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
• The instantaneous velocity is the limit of
the average velocity as Δt approaches
zero
– The direction of the instantaneous velocity is
along a line that is tangent to the path of the
particle’s direction of motion

r dr
v lim 
t  0  t dt
Instantaneous Velocity, cont
• The direction of the instantaneous velocity
vector at any point in a particle’s path is
along a line tangent to the path at that
point and in the direction of motion
• The magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector is the speed
– The speed is a scalar quantity
Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is:


Particle’s Path vs Velocity
Displacement: The velocity vector

The direction of the instantaneous velocity of


a particle is always tangent to the particle’s
path at the particle’s position.
Problem 3
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the


rabbit’s velocity vector in
unit-vector notation and in
magnitude-angle
notation?
Average Acceleration
• The average acceleration of a particle as it
moves is defined as the change in the
instantaneous velocity vector divided by
the time interval during which that change
occurs.

v f  v i v
a 
t f  ti t
Average Acceleration, cont
• As a particle moves,
Δv can be found in
different ways
• The average
acceleration is a
vector quantity
directed along Δv
Average Acceleration

Average acceleration is


 v vx  v y  vz   
a   i j k  ax i  a y j  az k
t t t t
Instantaneous Acceleration
• The instantaneous acceleration is the limit
of the average acceleration as Δv/Δt
approaches zero

 v dv
a lim 
t  0 t dt
Instantaneous Acceleration

Instantaneous acceleration is
Speed up or slow down

• If the velocity and acceleration components


along a given axis have the same sign then they
are in the same direction. In this case, the object
will speed up.

• If the acceleration and velocity components


have opposite signs, then they are in opposite
directions. Under these conditions, the object
will slow down.
Producing An Acceleration
• Various changes in a particle’s motion
may produce an acceleration
– The magnitude of the velocity vector may
change
– The direction of the velocity vector may
change
• Even if the magnitude remains constant
– Both may change simultaneously
Problem 4
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on
which a set of coordinate axes has,
strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbit’s position as
functions of time t (second) are given
by

At t=15 s, what is the rabbit’s


acceleration vector in unit-
vector notation and in
magnitude-angle notation?
Thank you!

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