Individual Level Processes

FACULTY:
DR SAHAB SETHI
 Personality

 Meaning

 Determinants;

 Personality Theories –

 Psychoanalytic Theory
CONTENTS
 Self Theory

 MBTI

 Big Five Traits Theory,

 Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations.

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

 Personality
Derived from the Latin word ‘persona‘ which can be
translated as ‘mask’.
What is
Personalit Personality can be simply defined as an individual’s
y? experiences, values, habits and traits which
collectively determine his or her behavioural
patterns.

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts

and interacts with others.
 Personality
PersonalityDeterminants
Determinants

• •Heredity
Heredity

• •Environment
Environment

• •Situation
Situation
Heredity, also known as genetics, refers to the influence of genetic
factors and biological inheritance on an individual’s personality. It involves
the transmission of traits and characteristics from parents to their
offspring.

Environmental factors encompass the external influences and

experiences that individuals encounter throughout their lives. These
factors can significantly shape and mold an individual’s personality. Some
of the factors are:
Family Environment
Cultural and Societal Influences
Peer Groups and Socialisation

Situational factors refer to the immediate context or circumstances an

individual encounters. While personality is generally considered relatively
stable, situations can temporarily influence behavior and expression.
Stress and Coping Mechanisms
Role and Context
Mood and Emotional State
  Biological/Physical Determinants: Hereditary and
physical features

Four major • Social Determinants: Sociological aspects related

to the community and his/her role in the community
Determina
nts of • Psychological Determinants: Behaviour, emotions,
sentiments, thought patterns and complexes of an
Personalit individual
y
• Intellectual Determinants: Values, Humour,
Morality, etc.
  Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.
 A personality trait is a personality characteristic
that endures (lasts) over time and across
different situations.
Personal  Trait theories of personality focus on measuring,
ity Traits identifying and describing individual differences
in personality in terms of traits.
 Focus is on what is different- not what is the
same.
 Can be used to predict behavior based on traits.
  Psychoanalytic Theory

 Self Theory

 Myers-BriggsType Indicator
Personalit
y Theories  Big five personality traits.

 Holland's Typology of Personality and

Congruent Occupations.
 One of the most influential theories of personality is that
of psychoanalysis developed by the Austrian
neurologist Sigmund Freud.

 The theory came into being from Frued’s observation that his
patient’s behavior could not always be consciously explained.

 Clinical findings and probing concluded that the major driving

force in was in his/her unconscious framework.
Psychoanal
ytic Theory  Freud believed that everyone's personality is comprised of
three distinct parts – the id, ego, and superego. These three
parts work together to create a person's personality.

 Freud suggested that these 3 parts are so inter-related that

they can only be artificially separated for study and analysis
purposes.

 These elements work together to create complex human

  Consciousness
 Conscious mind that contains everything that's going
on that they're aware of.
 The conscious mind includes any feelings, thoughts,
and even memories that are easy to remember. It's all
the stuff we know and are aware of.
 Preconsciousness
 The preconscious mind consists of anything that is not
3-Levels of in the conscious but could be very easily recalled and
Consciousn become conscious.
 Unconsciousness
ess/Mind  The unconscious mind is anything that is repressed,
seemingly forgotten, or any feeling or thought that is
not on a conscious level.
 This could include childhood animosity towards a
parent, bullying, or abuse. Freud believed that the
unconscious mind significantly impacts human
behavior, choices, and thoughts.
 • Sigmund Freud- founder of the psychoanalytic theory
of personality.

• Freud theorized three levels of mind: conscious (what

you're aware of), preconscious (what you could be
aware of if you chose to remember), and unconscious
Crux (repressed memories, thoughts, and feelings).

• Freud theorized three parts of personality: id

(impulsive, selfish), ego (mediator), and superego
(trying to make the right decisions).
  According to Freud the 3 personality structural
elements, Id, Ego, and Superego, reside in the
unconscious as forces, and can be inferred from
people’s behavior

 The Id:
 The id is something that every person is born with.
Structure/  It is completely unconscious and includes instinctive
and primitive behaviors.
Parts of  The id is the source of all psychic energy, making it
Personality the primary component of personality
 The id is driven by the Pleasure principle, which
strives for immediate gratification of all desires,
wants, and needs.
 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the
result is a state of anxiety or tension.
 people eventually learn to control the id as they
mature, this part of personality remains the same
infantile, primal force throughout life.
  The Ego:
• According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a
manner acceptable in the real world.
• The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious,
& unconscious mind
Structure/ • The Ego is the conscious and logical part of the human
Parts of personality and is associated with the Reality principle.
Personalit • Ego keeps the Id in check through the realities of the
external environment through intellect and reasoning.
y
• Having a strong ego means having a strong sense of self-
awareness.
• There often is conflict between Id (that wants immediate
pleasure) and Ego (that dictates denial/ delay to a more
appropriate time and place): The conflict is often resolved
through help of Super Ego
  The Super Ego
 According to Freud, the superego is the last aspect of
our personality to develop.

 It is driven by our conscience and holds the

Structure/ internalized moral standards and ideals that we
Parts of acquire from our parents and society

Personality
 It works as a voice of conscience that guide Ego to
do not only what is real and socially desirable, but
what is Ideal.

 It represents social and personal norms/ values that

act as ethical filters on behavior.
  Propounded by psychologist, theorist, and clinician Carl
Rogers: It is a theory of how self-concept influences and
acts as the framework for one’s personality.
 Rogers believed that our personality is driven by our
desire for self-actualization.
 Self Theory emphasizes on the set of perceptions an
SELF individual has for himself and the perceptions of the
relationships he has with others and the other aspects of
THEORY life.
 He defines the SELF concept as organized consistent,
conceptual, gestalt composed of perceptions of the ‘I’ or
‘Me’ and the perceptions of the relationships of the ‘I’ or
“Me’ to others and to various aspects of life, together
with the values attached to these perceptions.

 There are 4-factors in SELF Concept

 Self Image Ideal Image
The 4-
Factors in
SELF
Concept
Looking
Real-Self
Glass-Self
 The way one honestly feels about oneself.
Person’s beliefs about who and what he/she
is: Self Image or IDENTITY

The way one would like to be or plans to

The 4- become. Ideal Self indicates the ideal
position as perceived by the person
Factors in
SELF The self you assume others see when they
look at you. Person’s perception of how
Concept others perceive his/ her characteristics and
qualities

The way one really is when nobody is around

to approve or disapprove.
 • A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
• It is a 100-question personality test and describes 16
personality types identifying every person by one trait
from each of the four pairs.
• Personality test to determine how people usually act or
The Myers- feel in particular situations

Briggs Type • This test was created by Isabel Myers and her mother,
Katherine Briggs. They made the first assessment in the
Indicator 1940s based on their familiarity with Carl Jung’s theory
(MBTI) on personality types.
Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
• •Extroverted
Extrovertedvs.
vs.Introverted
Introverted(E (Eor
orI)I)
• •Sensing
Sensingvs.
vs.Intuitive
Intuitive(S
(Sor
orN)
N)
• •Thinking
Thinkingvs.
vs.Feeling
Feeling(T(Tor
orF)
F)
• •Judging
Judgingvs.
vs.Perceiving
Perceiving(P (Por
orJ)J)
 1.What energizes you and gets you excited?
1.Extraversion (E): Are you a person who
draws energy from the outside world of
people, things, activities or interaction most
of the time?
2.Introversion (I): Are you a person who
Personalit draws energy from the internal world of ideas,
emotions or impressions most of the time?
y Types-
MBTI 2.Where do you put most of your attention?
1.Sensing (S): Do you prefer to take in
information through the five senses, noticing
what is here and now most of the time?
2.Intuition (N): Do you prefer to take in
information through a “sixth sense,” noticing
what might be most of the time?
 1.What do you value most when making a decision or
judgment?
1.Thinking (T): Do you prefer organizing and
structuring information and deciding in a logical,
objective way most of the time?
2.Feeling (F): Do you prefer organizing and
structuring information to decide in a personal,
value-oriented way most of the time?
Personalit
y Types- 2.What do you show outwardly most of the time, i.e., how
MBTI a person approaches the outside world.?
1.Judging (J): Do you prefer living a planned and
organized life and are strong on decision making
most of the time? Individuals who are judging-
oriented are structured and make formal decisions,
2.Perceiving (P): Do you prefer for living a
spontaneous and flexible life and are strong on
information gathering most of the time? Perceiving-
oriented individuals tend to plan less and adapt
MBTI
PERSONALI
TY TYPES
  The five basic personality traits is a theory developed
in 1949 by D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon
by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith
(1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987).

Personality  Classifications: 5- categories: Popularly known as

Theory: OCEAN Model

THE BIG  Openness to Experience

FIVE
PERSONALI  Conscientiousness

TY TRAITS  Extroversion

 Agreeableness

 Neuroticism/ Emotional Stability

 Openness to Experience measures the Individual’s
ability to be open to any kind of experience that
helps him/ her to do the job effectively.

Conscientiousness refers to the extent individuals

show consistent and reliable behavior while
working in the organization
OCEAN
Extraversion focuses on the comfort level of an
MODEL individual in interaction with others.

Agreeableness refers to an individual’s behavior

towards others while interactive with them.

Neuroticism refers to a trait that reflects a person's

level of emotional stability.
 Extroversion: Captures comfort level with relationships
Personality dimension describing someone who is s ociable,
gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Personality dimensions describing someone as good-
The Big Five natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Model of Conscientiousness: Is a measure of reliability

Personality Personality dimension describing someone as responsible,
dependable, persistent, and organized.
Dimensions
Neuroticism/ Emotional Stability
Personality dimension describing someone as Calm, self-
confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and
insecure (negative).
Openness to Experience
Personality dimension describing someone as imaginativeness,
artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
 personality traits.
 People who are high in openness tend to have a broad
range of interests.
The Big Five  They are curious about the world and other people and
Model: are eager to learn new things and enjoy new
experiences.
OCEAN MDEL
 Conscientiousness is one defined by .
 Highly conscientious people tend to be organized and
mindful of details.
 They plan ahead, think about how their behavior
affects others, and are mindful of deadlines.
 Able to exercise self control and self discipline in order
to pursue and ultimately achieve their goals and focus
few golas at a time
 Person with less conscientiousness tend to pursue
many goals and are more disorganized,
careless,irresponsible and less self disciplined
  Extraversion (or extroversion) is a personality trait
characterized by :
 excitability, sociability, talkativeness,
assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional
expressiveness.
 People high in extraversion are outgoing and tend
to gain energy in social situations.
 Being around others helps them feel energized and
The Big Five excited.
Model:
OCEAN  Agreeableness personality trait includes attributes
such as
 Refers person ability to get along with
 trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and
other prosocial behaviors.
 People who are high in agreeableness tend to be
more cooperative while those low in this
personality trait tend to be more competitive and
sometimes even manipulative.
  Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized
by
 sadness, moodiness, and emotional
The Big Five instability.
Model:  Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend
to experience mood swings, anxiety,
OCEAN irritability, and sadness.
 Those low in this personality trait tend to be
more stable and emotionally resilient.
  6-major personality attributes:

 Locus of control

Major  Machiavellianism
Personality
Attributes  Self-esteem
Influencing
OB  Self-monitoring

 Risk taking

 Types of personality
 Locus of Control
Extent to which people believe they
are masters/architect of their own
fate.
Internals
Locus of Individuals who believe that
they control what happens to
Control them.
Externals
Individuals who believe
that what happens to them
is controlled by outside
forces such as luck or
chance.
 Machiavellianism (Mach)
It is a personality attribute that describes the
extent to which a person manipulates others for
personal gains.
They are clever
Machiavellia High mach are manipulators or sometimes
nism unethical also

Conditions
ConditionsFavoring
FavoringHigh
HighMachs
Machs
••Direct
Directinteraction
interaction
••Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations
••Emotions
Emotionsdistract
distractfor
forothers
others
 Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking or
disliking themselves.
Self-
It is the judgement one makes
Esteem/ about one’s own worth
confidence
and Self- Self-Monitoring
Monitoring A personality trait that measures
an individuals ability to adjust
his or her behavior or emotions
to external changing situational
factors.
High (flexible,able to
adjust,more sensitive to external
environment)
  Risk Propensity
 Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to
job requirements should be beneficial to
organizations.
 Person’s willingness to take risk.
 High Risk-taking Managers
 Make quicker decisions
Risk-  Use less information to make decisions
Taking  Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
 Low Risk-taking Managers
 Are slower to make decisions
 Require more information before making
decisions
 Exist in larger organizations with stable
environments
 Type A’s
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms
of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Personality
Types Type B’s
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying
impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at
any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.
  John Holland’s Personality fit theory concerns with
matching job requirements with personality
characteristics.
 He developed a Vocational Preference Inventory that
contains 160 occupational titles.
 Person-Job Fit
Achieving  Identifies six personality types and proposes that
the fit between personality type and occupational
Personality environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Fit
 Person-Organization Fit
 Argues that people leave organizations that are not
compatible with their personalities

 The theory argues that satisfaction is highest and

turnover is lowest when there is person-job fit.
 Type Personality Congruent
Characteristics Occupations

Realistic Shy, genuine, stable Mechanic, drill, press

Persistent, conforming, practical operator, assembly line
worker, farmer
Personality- Investigative Analytical, independent Biologist, economist,
mathematician, news
Job Fit original, curious
reporter
Social Sociable, cooperative Social worker, teacher,
Friendly, understanding counselor, psychologist

Conventional Accountant, corporate

Conforming, practical, inflexible
manager, bank teller, file
Efficient, unimaginative clerk

Enterprising Self-confident, energetic Lawyer, real estate agent,

Ambitious, domineering PR, entrepreneur

Artistic Imaginative, idealistic Painter, musician, writer,

Disorderly, emotional, impractical interior decorator
Holland’s
Model
 Inv
ic es
a list tig
Re R) a
( (I) tive

Relationship
s Among
Occupation

Conventional

Artistic
(A)
(C)
al
Personality
Types
En
te r l
pri o cia
(E sing S
(S)
)
Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
congruent
Occupations
THE END!!