Chapter 1 Thermal Power Plant

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Power Plant Engineering

Chapter-1: Thermal Power Plant

By,
Rushi S. Ghori
SSASIT, Surat
Power Plant Engineering
• Type of course: Professional Core
• Prerequisite: Thermodynamics& Heat Transfer
• Rationale: Providing an overview of Power Plants and detailing the role of Mechanical
Engineers in their operation and maintenance and to address the underlying
concepts, methods and application of different Thermal Power Plants.
What is Power Plant?
Introduction
• Power plant is an assembly of equipment that produces and delivers
mechanical and electrical energy.

• The electrical energy is a convenient form of energy because it can be


generated centrally in bulk and transmitted economically over long distances
and is almost pollution free at the consumer level.

• Electrical energy is generated by conversion of energy like pressure head of


water energy, kinetic energy of flowing winds,solar energy,geothermal energy,
chemical energy of fules, etc.
Introduction
• The development of power in any country depends upon available
resources in that country.

• New sites cannot be humanly created for hydro-power plants.

• Nuclear power plant is recently being in developing phase and its requires
advance technological development and fuel resources.

• The common sources of energy in our country are coal, water, oil and gas.
Introduction
• coal is the most important commercial sources of energy in India.

• Thermal power generation can be most reliable because coal reserves in our
country are sufficient to last for hundreds of year.

• However the coal produced must be improved.


Classification of Power plant
• According to type of fuel used:
1. Steam power plant
2. Diesel power plant
3. Gas turbine power plant
4. Nuclear power plant
5. Hydro-electric power plant
Classification of Power plant
• According to mobility of plant:
1. Stationary power plant
2. Mobile power plant

• According to nature of load:


1. Base load plants
2. Peak load plants

• According to nature of organization:


1. Central power plants
2. Captive power plants
Base load Power plant
• When capacity factor of plant is greater than 57%, it’s called based load power plant.

• Capacity factor is the ratio of avg. power of generating plant to rated power over
given time interval.

• Large capacity plant, working more than 5000 full power hours working per year.

• High capital cost, low operating cost.

• Thermal PP, hydro-electric PP, nuclear PP are base load PP.


Peak load Power Plants
• Capacity factor of PP is less than 23%

• Small capacity plant

• Working average is less than 2000 full power hours per year.

• This plant is operated only to meet the power demands at a time of maximum
demand

• Less investment cost, high operating cost

• Diesel PP, gas turbine PP


Central Power Station
• Large capacity plant

• Generate electric power for general sale to all consumers.

• High capital cost, low operating cost.

• These plants are set up by state electricity boards, central and state
governments, public sector organizations like National thermal power
corporation (NTPC), National Hydro-electric power corporation (NHPC),
Public-private sectors (combined).
Captive Power Plant
• These type of power plant are run by manufacturing company for its
own used and its output is not available for general sale.

• Captive power plant set by a co-operative society of companies for


their own use or for supply of power to the neighboring industry.

• In Gujarat IOC,ONGC, Reliance industries have their captive power


plant.
Thermal Power Plant
• The steam power plants, diesel engine power plants, gas turbine PP
and Nuclear PP are known as thermal PP. However, generally steam
power plant is called as thermal PP.

• The steam PP can perform two purposes.


1. To generate electricity only
2. To generate electricity along with production of steam for process
heating.
4 circuit of Power
Plant
1. Coal and ash circuit

2. Air and flue gases circuit

3. Feed water and steam circuit

4. Cooling water circuit


Layout of steam power plant
(Nov’17, Dec’13, June’12, Dec’11, June’11)
Main components of thermal
power plant
1. Boiler 2. Steam turbine

3. Generator 4. Condenser

5. Cooling tower 6. Feed water pump

7. Coal handling plant 8. Draught system

9. Chimney 10. Water treatment plant


Site Selection Factors May’17, June’11)
(May’18,

1. Availability of coal (100 MW- 1200-1500 tones/day)

• Plant should be located near to coal mines in order to save coal transportation
costs.

• If plant is located away from coal mines it may create problems due to failure
of transportation system or strike at mines etc.

• In case it is not possible to locate the plant near the coal mines, then plant
should be located near the railway station.
2. Availability of water(100 MW-30000-50000 tones/hr)

• Plant should be located near to water source which will be able to supply required quantity
of water throughout the year.

3. Ash disposal facilities(100 MW-350-500 tones ash/day)

• Ash is the main waste product of steam power plant.

• If site as near the coal mines, it can be dumped into the disused mines.

• In case of site located near river, sea or lakes ash can be dumped into it.

• Presently ash from power station is used for many industrial processes and brick making
for construction work.
4. Land requirement(100 MW-300-500 acres)

5. Future extensions

6. Nature of land

7. Load center

8. Transport facilities

9. Availability of labor

10. Size of the plant


Present
status of
power
generation in
Energy sources and
present power installed
capacity
• India is fairly rich natural sources like coal, in India
natural gas and has immense water power
resources.

• India’s total mean annual river flows are about 1675* () of which the usable resources
are 555*.

• Out of this 60% contributions from himanalyan rivers (Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra),
16% from central rivers (Narmada, Tapti and Mahanadi)

• Oil reserves.

• India has vast reserves of natural gas estimated at over one hundred billion .
Role of public sectors in
development in India
• NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation): 28.60% of entire electricity
generated in country . Capacity 33970 MW

• NHPC (National Hydro-electric Power Co.): capacity 5175 MW

• NPCIL (Nuclear Power Co. Of India Limited): capacity 4385 MW

• REC (Rural Electrification Co.): REC was set up in 1969, with primary object of
promoting rural electrification by financing rural electrification schemes and
rural electric cooperatives in the states.
Different power plant near to Surat
• Surat Lignite Power Plants (GIPCL-Gujarat Industrial Power Co. LTD) 125*4 =500 MW

Nani Naroli
Taluka : Mangrol
Distt Surat
Gujarat

• Essar Power Limited (Essar GT) 500 MW


27 KM, Surat
Hazira Road
Gujarat

• Kawas Thermal Power Station (NTPC) 645 MW


P.O: Aditya Nagar,
Dist: Surat
Gujarat Pin: 394 516
• Utran Gas based power station – 510 MW
Gujarat State Electricity Corporation. Ltd.
Distt:Surat
Gujarat- 394105

• HAZIRA 156.1 MW Gas based Power Station


Gujarat State Energy Generation Ltd.
Village Mora,
Post Bhatha, Surat
Hazira Road,
Surat
Gujarat- 394510

• Ukai Thermal Power Station – 850 MW (total 5 Units)


Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Ltd.,
Taluka -Sonegarh Distt. Surat
Gujarat-394680
• Essar Hazira Power SEZ (Special Economic Zone) -300 MW
Hazira SEZ, Gujarat.

• Neyveli Lignite Corp (4 x 250 MW)


Bhaga, Surat District, Gujarat

• Torrent Power (1147 MW) – Closed gas cycle


Akhakhol, Surat District, Gujarat
List of upcoming power plant
in Surat
• Gujarat Industries power co. Ltd- 600 MW
• Gujarat Gokul Power Limited- near tadkeshwar, Surat -135 MW
Rankine cycle
• The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle
is the process widely used by power plants
such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear
reactors.

• In this mechanism, a fuel is used to


produce heat within a boiler, converting
water into steam which then expands
through a turbine producing useful work.

• This is a thermodynamic cycle which


converts heat into mechanical energy—
which usually gets transformed into
electricity by electrical generation.
Ideal Cycle
• Assume 1 kg of steam in cycle and applying SFEE to
various processes,

• 1-2: feed Pump (q=0) → Wpump = h2 - h1


= v(P2-P1)
• 2-3: Boiler(W=0) → qin = h3 - h2
• 3-4: Turbine(q=0) → Wout = h3 - h4
• 4-1: Condenser(W=0) → qout = h4 - h1

Efficiency:
• Shaft Work: = =
Wnet = Wout - Win = (h3-h4) - (h2-h1)
Rankine Cycle with Reheat
High
-P Low-P
•The optimal way of increasing the turbi turbin
boiler pressure but not increase the ne e
moisture content in the exiting vapor
is to reheat the vapor after it exits from
a first-stage turbine and redirect this
reheated vapor into a second turbine.

pump
Advantages
• It improves the thermal efficiency.
•It increases the network output of the turbnine.
•It reduce the steam rate per KWh.

Disadvantages
•To increse the cost and size of plant due to inclusion of reheater and its
long piping.
•Increases the size of condenser based on unit mass flow of steam due to
improved quality of steam at exhaust from L.P. turbine.
Re-generation Rankine Cycle

• Use regenerator to heat up the liquid (feed water) leaving the


pump before sending it to the boiler, therefore, increase the
averaged temperature (efficiency as well) during heat addition in
the boiler.

*Energy analysis: Heat transfer and work output both change


Efficiency : Work Done/Heat Supplied
Advantages
•It increases the thermal efficiency of the plant.
•The temperature stresses in the boiler are reduced due to decreased
range of working temperatures.

Disadvantages
• The cost of the plant increases.
• Boiler size increases because of the capacity.
Thank You

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