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Blood Cells
VERSION C 01/10/07 Perox Method
VERSION C 01/10/07 Baso Method (Cluster)
VERSION C 01/10/07 Baso Method (threshold)
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC Method
VERSION C 01/10/07 Blood Cell Production Bone marrow Lymph nodes
Stimulated hormones eg erythropoitein in
response to: Reduced oxygen levels Infection Blood loss VERSION C 01/10/07 Development
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC and Platelets
NRBC
Platelets
RBC
Crenated RBC
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • No nuclear material • Bi concave disc • Uses HGB to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissue where it exchanges with carbon dioxide • Life span of 120 days • Produced in the bone marrow • 1-2% Reticulocytes – have RNA indicates bone marrow activity VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Microcytosis – small RBC • Macrocytosis – large RBC • Hypochromia – RBC with low HGB content
• Hyperchromia – RBC with high HGB content – indicates spherocytes
• Anisocytosis – Rbc of varying sizes
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC
%Macro
%Micro
%Hypo %Hyper
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Anaemia can be due to a low RBC or low HGB content of the cells • Anaemia can MACROCYTIC eg B12 • Anaemia can be MICROCYTIC eg Iron • Anaemia can be HYPOCHROMIC eg Iron • Anaemia can be HYPERCHROMIC eg HS • Anaemia can be NORMOCHROMIC, NORMOCYTIC eg acute blood loss VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Haemaglobinopathys which include the thalassaemias, sickle cell anaemia and HGB C disease are genetic disorders where the HGB molecule has a mutation that affects it functionality VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Thalasseamias are a genetic disorder which leads to an underproduction/ absense of either the alpha or beta chains making the haemaglobin molecule unstable and dysfunctional
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Another group of disorders known as the haemaglobinopathys include Sickle disease, HB C AND SC diseases where the mutation leads to unstable hgb causing a shortened RBC life leading to anaemia VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC • Hereditary Spherocytosis is a defect in the membrane of the RBC which makes all RBC spherocytes leading to reduced RBC life as the cells are destroyed by the spleen
VERSION C 01/10/07 Platelets • Small fragments of megakaryocytes • Primary function is stimulation of the clotting cascade • Activated by collagen exposure on blood vessels • Production controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin
VERSION C 01/10/07 RBC
Target cell
NRBC
VERSION C 01/10/07 Neutrophils
Neutrophils
VERSION C 01/10/07 Neutrophils • 40-70% of total WBC • Function is to identify and kill bacteria during acute infections myelocytes and metamyelocytes can be seen in the peripheral blood • Hypersegmented nuclei seen in B12 deficiency
VERSION C 01/10/07 Life Cycle of a Neutrophil
Myelocyte
Myeloblast Promyelocyte
Band form & Mature Neutrophil VERSION C 01/10/07 Metamyelocyte
Neutrophils • Neutrophils are raised in the presence of bacterial infection • They are attracted to sites of infection where the ingest the micro-organisms • In cases of severe infection myelocyte and metamyelocytes may be seen in the peripheral blood
VERSION C 01/10/07 Other Granuloctyes
Eosinophil Basophil
VERSION C 01/10/07 Other Granuloctyes • Eosinophils less than 4% of WBC act as neutrophils phagocytosing micro- organisms but also have a role in allergic responses and parasitic infections • Basophils less than 1% of WBC has a role in immediate allergic reactions, inflammation and control of parasitic infections
VERSION C 01/10/07 Monocytes
Monocyte
VERSION C 01/10/07 Monocytes • Kills micro-organisms including mycobacteria and fungi • Phagocytoses dead or damaged cells • Presents antigens to cell of the immune system • Eventually migrates to the tissues where it becomes a macrophage
VERSION C 01/10/07 Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes Large Lymphocyte Small Lymphocyte
Large Granular Lymphocyte
VERSION C 01/10/07 Lymphocytes • Mediates immune responses • B lymphocytes mature into plasma cells which secrete antibodies • T lymphocytes attack cells bearing foreign antigens, also can help or suppress B cell responses • Natural Killer Cells attack foreign and tumor cells VERSION C 01/10/07 Artefacts
Clumped Platelets Fibrin Strands
Platelet Satellism VERSION C 01/10/07 Revision History Date Amendments New Revision Comments
