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    Logic 1

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    Logic 1

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    4 views32 pages

    Logic 1

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    acegranado091204

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    The Science of Reasoning

    Why Study Logic?


    Isn’t it better perhaps, to be spontaneous, intuitive and perceptive?
    Reasoning is …
    • drawing out conclusion on the basis of certain evidence,
    • infer one thing from another or
    • to figure out consequences of a certain course of action.
    PROPOSITION
    a statement that can be either

    true or false;
    it must be one or the other, and it cannot be
    both
    ***We usually denote a proposition by a letter: p, q, r, s, …
    Proposition
    • Definition: The value of a proposition is called its truth value;
    denoted by
    p
    • T or 1 if it is true or T(1)
    • F or 0 if it is false F(0)

    • Opinions, interrogative, and imperative are NOT propositions


    Propositions
    • Examples
    • Today is Tuesday.
    • The grass is wet.
    • It is raining.

    • NOT PROPOSITIONS
    • Taylor Swift is the best artist. Opinion
    • When is the Midterm test? Interrogative
    • Do your homework.
    Imperative
    Exercise: Proposition or Not a Proposition
    Tell whether the ff is a Proposition (P) or Not
    P.
    1) Philippines is a province of China.
    2) Blink three times.
    3) Aaron is a medical front liner.
    4) The number 4 is even and less than 12.
    5. 2+2=5
    6. Every integer is divisible by 12
    7. Microsoft is an excellent company.
    The Structure
    of
    Sentential
    Logic
    A Sentential Operator

    • Is an expression containing blanks such that, when the


    blanks are filled with complete sentences, the result is a
    sentence.
    • There are a lot of sentential operators in English, but we will
    be using only 5 in sentential logic.
    A Sentential Operator in
    Logic
    • Either _____ or _____
    • Neither _____ nor _____
    • _____ and _____
    • If _____, then _____
    • _____ if and only if _____
    • _____ unless _____
    • _____ after _____
    • _____ only if _____
    • _____ because _____
    5 Sentential Operators
    Operator Technical Name Meaning Example

    ~,¬ Negation Not ~ p , ¬p


    &,∧ Conjunctio And p∧q
    n
    V Disjunction Or pvq
    ⊕ or V Exclusive XOR p⊕q
    OR
    ⊃, → or ⇒ Conditional If ___ then p⇒q
    Implication ____
    ≡, ↔, if or Biconditional If and only p⇔q
    5 Sentential operators

    • In p ∧ q, p and q are called conjuncts.


    • In p v q, p and q are called disjuncts.
    → q, p is the antecedent, q is the
    • In p

    consequent.
    5 Sentential operators
    Let M be Marcos is president.
    D be Duterte is vice-president.
    E be Erap is president.
    R be Mar Roxas is vice-president.
    • Convert these into symbols:
    • Duterte is vice-president and Marcos is president.
    • Not both Erap and Marcos are president.
    • Duterte is vice-president if and only if Marcos is president.
    • If Duterte is vice-president, then Marcos is president.
    5 Sentential operators
    Let M be Marcos is president.
    D be Duterte is vice-president.
    E be Erap is president.
    R be Mar Roxas is vice-president.
    • Convert these into symbols:
    • Erap or Marcos is president.
    • Erap is not the president.
    • Either Erap is president and Duterte is vice-president, or Marcos is
    president and Mar Roxas is vice-president.
    • Mar Roxas is vice-president if and only if Marcos is president.
    Recall : Logical
    connectives
    • Connectives are used to create a compound proposition from two
    or more propositions
    – Negation
    – AND - logical conjunction
    – OR - logical disjunction
    – IF-THEN - Implication
    IF AND ONLY IF – Biconditional

    We define the meaning (semantics) of the logical


    connectives using truth tables
    Recall : Logical
    connectives
    • Connectives are used to create a compound proposition from two
    or more propositions
    – Negation
    – AND - logical conjunction
    – OR - logical disjunction
    – IF-THEN - Implication
    IF AND ONLY IF – Biconditional

    We define the meaning (semantics) of the logical


    connectives using truth tables
    TRUTH TABLE
    is a diagram in table form that is used to show all
    its possible truth values.
    Logical Connective:
    Negation ¬p
    • Examples:
    • Today is not Monday
    • It is not the case that today is Monday, etc.
    • It is not true that today is Monday
    p ¬p
    Truth table T (1)
    F (0)
    Logical Connective: Disjunction OR ∨
    • TRUE if one or both of the propositions are TRUE.
    • Examples
    • It is raining or it is the second lecture
    • (2+2=5) ∨ (1<2)
    p q p∨q
    • You may have cake or ice cream

    Truth table
    Logical Connective: Conjunction AND ∧
    • TRUE only when BOTH of the propositions are TRUE!
    • Examples
    • It is raining and it is warm
    • (2+3=5) and (1<2) p q p∨q p∧q

    Truth table
    Logical Connective: Implication IF-THEN
    p→q
    • The implication p→q is the proposition that is false when p is true and q is
    false and true otherwise
    • p is called the hypothesis, antecedent, premise
    • q is called the conclusion, consequence
    p q p∨q p∧q p⇒q

    Truth table
    Logical Connective: Implication IF-THEN
    p→q
    • The implication of p→q can be also read as
    • If p then q
    • p implies q
    • If p, q
    • p only if q
    • q if p
    • q when p
    • q whenever p
    • q follows from p
    • p is a sufficient condition for q (p is sufficient for q)
    • q is a necessary condition for p (q is necessary for p)
    Logical Connective: Biconditional IF and ONLY IF
    p↔q
    • true when p and q have the same truth values. It is false otherwise.
    • Note that it is equivalent to (p→q)∧(q→p)
    • Truth table

    p q p∧q p∨q p⇒q p⇔q


    T(1) 1 1 1 1 1
    T(1) 0 0 1 0 0
    F(0) 1 0 1 1 0
    F(0) 0 0 0 1 1
    Logical Connective: Biconditional (2)
    • The biconditional p↔q can be equivalently read as
    • p if and only if q
    • p is a necessary and sufficient condition for q
    • if p then q, and conversely
    • p iff q
    • Examples
    • x>0 if and only if x2 is positive
    • Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if the two angles
    opposite them are congruent.
    Exercise: Which of the following biconditionals is true?

    True. Both implications hold

    True. Both implications hold.

    False. The implication “if x ≥ 0 then x2 ≥ 0” holds.


    However, the implication “if x2 ≥ 0 then x ≥ 0” is false.
    Consider x=-1.
    The hypothesis (-1)2=1 ≥ 0 but the conclusion fails.
    REMEMBER
    Constructing Truth Tables
    • Construct the truth table for the following compound proposition

    ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ¬q
    Let p and q are propositions, construct a truth table for
    ~ p ∧ (p → q)

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