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SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
AND FHP MOTORS

(5031)
What is a synchronous machine?
An AC machine which runs at synchronous speed is

known as synchronous machine.
Synchronous Speed =
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SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
“It is a synchronous machine which coverts

mechanical power into AC electric power
through the process of electromagnetic
induction”
Synchronous Generator
• Also called AC generator or alternator
• Run at synchronous speed.
• Operates on same principle of electromagnetic induction as dc
generators
• Consists of armature and magnetic field.
• In dc generators, armature rotates and field is stationary.
• Reverse in case of alternators.
• Armature windings mounted on stator and field winding on rotor.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Types of Synchronous Machine
According to the arrangement of the field and armature

windings, synchronous machines may be classified as
(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)
(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:
i) The High Voltage ac winding and its insulation not
subjected to centrifugal forces (BETTER INSULATION)
ii) Easier to collect large currents from stator.
iii) Rotating field makes overall construction simple.
iv) Problem of sparking at the slip ring can be avoided.
v) Ventilation arrangement for HV can be Improved.
vi) The dc excitation easily supplied through slip rings and
brushes to the rotor field winding.
vii) Noiseless running is possible.
viii)Air gap length is uniform
ix) Better mechanical balancing of rotor
CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATOR
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field
An alternator has 3 phase winding on the stator and
DC field winding on the rotor.
STATOR
Stationary part of the machine.
It is built up of Sheet-Steel Lamination Core (Stampings) with slots
to hold the armature Conductor
Armature winding is connected in STAR

Stator Frame
• Used to give mechanical support
• Made up of cast iron or welded steel plates
• For holding armature stampings and windings in
position.
Stator Core
• High permeability laminated silicon steel stampings.
• Core is laminated to minimize loss due to eddy currents
• Silicon steel- to reduced hysteresis loss
• Slots are made in internal periphery of it.
Armature winding
• Insulated Cu winding is placed in the slots of stator
core.
• Connected in star or in delta.
Why star connected armature preferred??
• Star connection provides a neutral point so Neutral ground
protection enabled
• STAR connection eliminates the triplen harmonics in the
generated terminal voltage of generator armature winding.
• The insulation requirement in STAR connection is less.
Since phase voltage is 1/√3 times of the line voltage
ROTOR:
There are two types of rotor
i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}
ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Smooth Cylindrical Type
Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}
• It is also called Projected Poles.
• Poles are mounted on the larger circular frame.
• Made up of Thick Steel Laminations.
• Field Winding are connected in series.
• Ends of the field winding are connected to the DC
Supply through Slip Rings
Features
Large Diameter and short Axial Length.
• Poles are Laminated to reduced Eddy
Current Losses
• Employed for Low and Medium Speed
120 RMP to 500 RPM
(Diesel & Hydraulic Turbines)
This cannot be used for Large speed
II) NON SALIENT POLE TYPE
Smooth cylindrical rotor or TURBO ALTERNATOR
field winding used in high speed alternators driven by steam turbines .
Features
Smaller diameter and larger axial length compared to salient pole type machines, of
the same rating.
Less Windage loss.
Speed 1200 RPM to 3000 RPM.. Better Balancing..
Noiseless Operation
Flux distribution nearly sine wave
Frequency 50 Hz
Ns = 120 F / P
Poles 2 4 6
Speed 3000 1500 1000
Working of alternator
• Electromagnetic induction
• when the flux linking a conductor changes, an EMF is
induced in the conductor.
• When the armature winding of alternator subjected to
the rotating magnetic field, the voltage will be
generated in the armature winding
• When the rotor field winding of the alternator is
energized from the DC exciter, the alternate N and S
poles are developed on the rotor.
• Now, this rotor is rotated in an anticlockwise direction
with the help of a prime mover such as a turbine or
engine, the armature conductors placed on the stator
are cut by the magnetic field of the rotor poles.
• As a result, the EMF is induced in the armature
conductors due to electromagnetic induction. This
induced EMF is alternating one because the N and S
poles of the rotor pass the armature conductors
alternatively.
• The direction of the generated EMF can be determined
by the Fleming’s right rule.
ARMATURE WINDING
3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots

Open circuited
6 terminals
Can be connected in Star or Delta
Armature Winding Classification

1. Single Layer and Double Layer
Winding
2. Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
3. Concentrated and Distributed Winding
1. Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
Single- layer winding

• One coil-side occupies the total slot area
• Used only in small ac machines
Double- layer winding

• Coil-sides in two layers
• Double-layer winding is more common
used above about 5kW machines
The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:

a. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils
b. Fractional-slot winding can be used
c. Chorded-winding is possible
d. Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the
machine
e. Better emf waveform in case of generators
2.CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED WINDING
POLE – PITCH
It is the distance between the centres of pole
faces of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch.
Pole pitch = 180 Phase angle
COIL :
A coil consists of two coil sides.
Placed in two separate slots
SLOT PITCH:
It is the phase angle between two adjustment slots
COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

It is the distance between two coil sides of a coil
3.Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
Full Pitch Winding
If the coil span is equal to pole pitch then the winding is called Full Pitch Winding
Coil Span = Pole Pitch
e1 V e2 V
Short Pitch Winding
If the coil span is less than Pole

Pitch is called Short pitch
winding
e2 V
e1 V
Advantages of Short Chorded winding or Chorded Pitch Winding
1. Copper is saved
2. Mechanical strength of the coil is increased
3. Induced EMF in improved
Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

adjacent poles in electrical degree
Slot angle (β) = 180

(Number of slots / Pole)

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SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

AND FHP MOTORS

An AC machine which runs at synchronous speed is

“It is a synchronous machine which coverts

Types of Synchronous Machine

According to the arrangement of the field and armature

(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

Armature winding is connected in STAR

i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}

Flux distribution nearly sine wave

3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots

Can be connected in Star or Delta

Armature Winding Classification

Single- layer winding

Double- layer winding

The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:

Pole pitch = 180 Phase angle

COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

Full Pitch Winding

Coil Span = Pole Pitch

Short Pitch Winding

If the coil span is less than Pole

Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

Slot angle (β) = 180

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