Pakistan Studies Lecture 1

Pakistan Studies
Lecture 1
• Pakistan Studies is the integrated,
coordinated, and systematic area of study that
draws upon various social science disciplines
such as history, geography, anthropology,
economics, political science, and sociology in
relation to Pakistan.
• We will begin with the History, where we
study the making of the country as well the
global political order that helped in the rise of
Pakistan on the world map.
Global Political Order – 19th century
• The WORLD WAR 1 ended with the Victory of
the British Empire.
• But the war torn Europe was devastated by
the effects of the war and eventually the
British empire was losing its hold on its
colonies across the world.
• Uprising in the subcontinent begun against the
British rule…
• The League of Nation Failed as an international
organization to sustain peace in the world.
• And with the rise of Adolf Hitler, in 1939
Germany started the world war 2 against The
Great Britain and its allies.
• With the American support, The British rule and
its allies were once again victorious but Britain
lost its colonies.
• With the end of WW2, in 1945 the league of
Nation was revived as the United Nations and
other international organizations came into
being.
• The world was divided into two blocs, lead by
the United States of America and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
• The bipolarity of the world gave birth to the
cold war and the world was once again in the
state of war.
• In the initial years of cold war, in 1947 Pakistan
got independence and was globally recognized
as a State.
• We will further study the making of Pakistan in
detail.
Factors leading to the birth of Pakistan
Religious Causes
Urdu Hindi in the controversy
Partition of Bengal
Creation of Muslim League
Two Nation Theory
The Simla Deputation and Separate
Electorates
Nehru Report
Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam
Allahabad Address
Congress Ministries
Pakistan Resolution
Success of General Elections 1945/46
3rd June Plan
Social causes
Political factors leading to the creation of
Pakistan are discussed in detail.
Religious factors leading to the creation of
Pakistan
In the subcontinent, the Hindus and the Muslims had
been living together for many centuries, peacefully, but
after 1857 the Muslims were treated very badly by the
Hindus and British. The religious differences between the
two nations came to the fore and were cause of constant
tension between the followers of both religions. Hindus
did not allow Muslims to practice their faith
independently. Hence, the Muslims were convinced that
they could not live with the Hindus after the British
withdrawal from India and demanded a separate
homeland where they could live according to the tenets
of Islam.
Urdu Hindi in the controversy:
Though Urdu was spoken, written and understood
throughout India, yet the Hindus did not like to adopt
it as the national language, because it was written in
Arabic script. They wanted to adopt Hindi written in
Devanagri script. This language controversy started in
1867 at Banaras. After the Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir
Syed was convinced that both Hindus and Muslims
are two separate nations. Sir Syed supported the
cause of Urdu, but unfortunately, in 1900, Hindi was
adopted as the national language. This created a
cultural gulf between the two communities.
Political Causes:
Hindus were more politically advanced and greater in
number than Muslims. They were quick to politically
organize under the banner of the Indian National
Congress with the cooperation of the British. Hindus
were single largest community of India. All high post
and ministries were in their hands. Muslims feared that
in a democratic system based on adult franchise Hindus
would perpetually dominate them because of their
numeric supremacy. To avoid this political subjugation,
Muslims strived for the creation of a separate homeland
in areas where they were in majority.
Partition of Bengal:
The partition of Bengal took place in 1905. Lord Curzon
divided the province of Bengal on administrative grounds. The
partition incidentally favoured the Muslims as they became
majority nation in newly created province of East Bengal. This
created a strong resentment in Hindus who started Anti-
Muslim movements. This convinced the Muslims that Hindus
cannot see prosperity of Muslims. Muslims aligned with the
British to counter the influence of Hindus. However, when the
partition of Bengal was finally annulled by British in 1911 it
came as a shock to Muslims who were convinced that Hindu
Muslim unity would no longer be possible and appeasing
British would not serve their political interests.
Creation of Muslim League
Muslim League was created in 1906 at Dhaka. Initially the

objectives of the League were to remove the
misunderstandings between British and Muslims. Quaid-
e-Azam joined the League in 1913. After partition of
Bengal Muslim League changed its objectives and started
to further the political interests of Muslims. In 1940
Muslim League passed a historic resolution demanding
the creation of Pakistan. The political struggle of Muslim
League was the most apparent factor that led to the
creation of Pakistan.
Two Nation Theory
Muslims were convinced that Hindus and Muslims are
not only two distinct groups but rather two different
nations. Sir Syed used the term nations for the Muslims
after the Hindi-Urdu controversy. The idea of two nation
theory was strongly opposed by Hindus who affirmed
that India is a cow mother which cannot be partitioned.
However, Allama Iqbal clearly elaborated the idea of two
nations through his writings while Quaid-e-Azam led the
practical political struggle for the creation of separate
Muslim homeland on the ideology of two Nation Theory.
The Simla Deputation and Separate
Electorates
In October 1906 a delegations of 35 Muslim leaders
under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan met with Lord
Minto at Simla and presented a Muslim lists of
demands. Among other demands, there was a
demand of separate electorate. The Muslim request
for separate electorate was accepted by the British
government and it was given legal recognition in the
Government of India Act 1909. The separate
electorate was the catalyst of Muslim success in the
general elections of 1945/46.
Nehru Report
In 1928, Nehru report was published containing

recommendations for the future constitution of
India. The Nehru report was a lopsided report as
it ignored all the Muslim demands for
constitutional framework. This increased the
already widened gulf between the two nations
and convinced Muslims of Indian prejudice
towards them.
Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam
In response to Nehru report, Quaid-e-Azam

presented his own formula of constitutional
framework. These fourteen points became the
benchmark of Muslim politics and ultimately
paved a way for the separate homeland for
Muslims.
Allahabad Address
In 1930, Allama Iqbal, in a historic address at

Allahabad presented his own constitutional
formula for the division of India. He stated that
“it is my wish that Frontier province, the Punjab,
the Sind, and the Baluchistan be combined to
form another state. The setting of a North West
Muslim state is the destiny of at least the
Muslims of West region”.
Congress Ministries
In 1937, Congress formed government in eight out of

eleven provinces of India. These Congress governments
established Hindu rule in their provinces. They tried to
annihilate Muslim cultural and religious identity. Band-e-
Matam, which was full of anti-Muslim feelings, was
adopted as the national anthem of India. The Congress
Ministries were ended on Oct 1939 and on the appeal of
Quaid-e-Azam, Muslims of India observed “Day of
Deliverance” and thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the
Congress regime has at last ceased to function.
Pakistan Resolution
The All India Muslim League in its 34th session

at Lahore adopted a historic Lahore resolution
calling for the creation of separate homeland for
Muslims of India. Later on, the Lahore
Resolution was amended and named Pakistan
resolution. The demand of Pakistan was formally
made for the first time in the 1940 resolution.
Success of General Elections 1945/46
General elections were held in the winter of 1945/46 to elect

representatives to the federal as well as provincial imperial
legislative councils. Muslim League emerged as the largest single
party of Muslims as it won by overwhelming majority on Muslim
seats. This confirmed the League status as the sole representative of
Muslims of India. After the 1945/46 elections, British and Congress
were forced to accept Muslim League as the sole representative of
Muslims of India and Quaid-e-Azam as the leader of all Indian
Muslims. Thus, any deliberation of future constitutional set-up of
India would not be possible without involving Muslim League and
Quaid-e-Azam.
3rd June Plan
On 3rd June 1947, the British government

formally announced the partition of India into
two separate countries of India and Pakistan.
Creation of Pakistan
Pakistan emerged as the dream independent

state of Muslims of India on 14th August 1947.
Quaid-e-Azam became its first Governor General
while Liaquat Ali Khan assumed the office of
Prime Minister of Pakistan.
THE END

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Pakistan Studies

Muslim League was created in 1906 at Dhaka. Initially the

In 1928, Nehru report was published containing

In response to Nehru report, Quaid-e-Azam

In 1930, Allama Iqbal, in a historic address at

In 1937, Congress formed government in eight out of

The All India Muslim League in its 34th session

General elections were held in the winter of 1945/46 to elect

On 3rd June 1947, the British government

Pakistan emerged as the dream independent

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