Family - Picorna viridae

Pico – small , RNA – ribonucleic acid

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 Classification
Family Genus Species

Picorna viridae Enteroviruses Poliovirus, Coxsackie

Hepatoviruses Hepatitis A

Rhinovirus Human Rhinovirus

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Different properties of enteroviruses,
Hepatoviruses and rhinoviruses

Property Entero- Hepato- Rhino-

viruses virus viruses
Primarily infected tissue Enteric tract Enteric tract Upper
respiratory
tract
Optimal temperature of 37OC 37OC 330C
replication

Stableness under acid Yes Yes No

conditions (pH3-5)

Diseases Poliomyelitis Hepatitis Rhinitis,

respiratory
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Receptors and Viral attachment proteins

Virus # of Serotypes Viral Receptors

attachment
proteins
Human rhinovirus 150 Viral protein ICAM 1

1,23&4
Coxsackie A virus 2 Viral protein 1,23&4 Integrins

Coxsackie B virus 6 Viral protein 1,23&4 Coxsackievirus and

Adeno virus receptor

Poliovirus 3 Viral protein 1,23&4 CD 155

Hepatitis A 1 Viral protein 1( VP1) T- cell

immunoglobulin and
mucin domain 1 (TIM-
1)
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 Rhinoviruses
 The smallest of viruses, about 25 nm in diameter.

 Single stranded naked RNA virus with icosahedral symmetry

 The most common cold viruses-over 150 serotypes

 Rhinoviruses attach to a human protein named ICAM-1, which is

found on the cytoplasmic membranes of cells lining the nasal

cavities
 Reproduce most effectively at about 33°C, which is the temperature

of the nasal cavity.

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 Cont.…
 Cold viruses cannot infect the lower respiratory system because of
the system’s higher temperature.
 Pathogenesis
 After attaching to cells of the nasal mucous membrane, cold
viruses cause to synthesize many more viruses, then kill the cells.
 The new viruses are released to infect still more cells.
 IP:-1-3 days
 When cold symptoms are most severe, over 100,000 virions/ml of
nasal mucus may be present.

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 Cont..
 Infected cells lose their ciliary action and slough off when they die.
 These events trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals and
triggering mucus production, sneezing, and localized inflammation
of nasal tissue.
 Inflammation blocks nasal cavities, resulting in congestion.
 Epidemiology
 Rhinoviruses are extremely infective—a single virus is sufficient to
cause a cold in 50% of infected individuals.
 Symptomatic or not, an infected person can spread viruses in
aerosols produced by coughing or sneezing, or via fomites.

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 Symptoms:
Sneezing
 Runny nose: Characterized by excess production of mucous in
the nasal passage
Congestion:- blockage/narrowing of nasal passages
 Sore throat
Malaise, and cough.

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 Enteroviruses

 Enteroviruses are a genus of the Picornaviruses family.

 Positive sense single-stranded naked RNA virus with
icosahedral symmetry.
 Capsid has 4 proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4.
 Unlike rhinoviruses, they are stable in acid pH.

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 Diseases caused by enteroviruses
Viruses Disease Symptoms
Polioviruses Poliomyelitis Paralysis

Coxsackie-viruses Hand-foot-and- Vesicular rash on the hands

A (CAV) mouth disease and feet and ulceration in the
mouth

Coxsackie-viruses B Myocarditis, Fever, chest pain, and signs of

(CBV) pericarditis congestive heart failure

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 Poliovirus
Poliovirus, a highly contagious virus that
causes the medical condition polio
(poliomyelitis)

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Virus classification

 Group: (+) ssRNA)

 Order: Picorna virales
 Family: Picorna viridae
 Genus: Enterovirus
 Species: Polio enterovirus

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Structure

 Protein capsid.
 RNA genome.

 Single-stranded positive-sense.

 The viral particle is about 30 nanometers in diameter

with icosahedral symmetry.

 Non-enveloped .

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General properties:

• There are three serotypes of poliovirus, Pv1, Pv2,

and Pv3
• PV1 is the most prevalent and often associated
with outbreaks, however, all three forms are
extremely infectious.
• Capsid proteins define cellular receptor specificity
and virus antigenicity.
• VP1-VP4
• CD 155
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Transmission

 Fecal – oral route

 via food and water

 via hands and objects

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Multiplication and Pathogenesis

 The virus first multiplies in the epithelial cells of

oropharynx and the small intestine.
 The central nervous system may be invaded by way
of the circulating blood.
 Large amounts of anti-body are necessary to
prevent passage of the virus along nerve fiber.

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 Cont.…
 Poliovirus can spread along axons of peripheral
nerves to the central nervous system, along the
fibers of the lower motor neurons to the spinal
cord or the brain.
 Virus invades certain types of nerve cell, and may
damage or completely destroy these cells for its
intracellular multiplication.

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 Clinical manifestation

Asymptomatic infection. majority of cases (95%)

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis :Aseptic meningitis (self limiting) with

fever, headache, and a stiff neck.

Paralytic poliomyelitis. Flaccid paralysis is the predominant

finding but respiratory paralysis involvement can lead to life-
threatening . The motor nerve damage is permanent.

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Clinical findings of poliomyelitis

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 Factors increasing CNS involvement by poliovirus

 Trauma
 Tonsillectomy

 Absence of antibody against poliovirus

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 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Virus Isolation
 Poliovirus can be readily isolated from throat swabs,
Faeces, and rectal swabs.
 Can be readily grown and identified in cell culture
 RT-PCR - a rapid diagnosis of poliovirus infection may be
made by the use of RT-PCR.
 Serology - Very rarely used for diagnosis since cell
culture is efficient. Occasionally used for immune status
screening for immunocompromised individuals.

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Prevention of poliomyelitis
IPV - inactivated (killed) vaccine (made by Dr. Salk in
1954).
IPV is inactivated by formalin

OPV – attenuated (live), oral vaccine (made by Dr.

Albert Sabin in 1955-1958).

Both OPV and IPV contain 3 serologic types.

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Important features of poliovirus
vaccines
Attribute Killed Live
(Salk) (Sabin)
Prevents disease Yes Yes

Interrupts transmission No Yes

Induces humoral immunity (IgG) Yes Yes

Induces local intestinal immunity (IgA) No Yes

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Important features of poliovirus vaccines
Attribute Killed Live
(Salk) (Sabin)
Reverts to virulence No Yes

Can cause disease in the No Yes

immunocompromised
Route of administration Injection(IM Oral
)
Requires refrigeration No Yes

Duration of immunity Shorter Longer

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Important features of poliovirus vaccines
Doses:-
 First dose:- at 2 months of age
 Second dose:- at 4 months of age
 Third dose:- at 6 to 18 months of age
 Booster dose:- at 4- 6 years of age
 IPV ;- 0.5 ML
 OPV:- a few drops

Adults (high risk groups)

 First dose:- at any time
 Second dose:- 1-2 months later
 Third dose:-6- 12 months after 2nd dose
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