SOLAR CELL After Mid Term

solar cells
ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN

Introduction
Solar cell
Convert light energy into electrical
energy
 Working Principles
 Absorption of a photon leading
to the formation of an excited
state, the electron-hole pair
(exciton).
 Exciton diffusion to a region,
where
 the charge separation occurs.
 Finally the charge transport to
the anode (holes) and cathode
(electrons), to supply a direct https://www.google.com.
current for the consumer load.
contii
 The number depends on the fraction of photons
absorbed (ɳabs), the fraction of electron-hole pairs
that are dissociated (ɳdiss) , and finally the fraction of
(separated) charges that reach the electrodes (ɳout)
determining the overall photocurrent efficiency (ɳj)
ɳj = ɳabs × ɳdiss × ɳout
Generation of solar cell
 Organic photovoltaic solar cells was based on single
organic layers sandwiched between two metal
electrodes of different work function.
 Bilayer heterojunction, in which two organic layers
with specific electron or hole transporting properties
were sandwiched between the electrodes.
Materials
Illustration of the photoinduced charge transfer (left) with a sketch of the energy level scheme (right).
After excitation in the PPV polymer,
the electron is transferred to the C60 due to its higher electron affinity.
contii
Some organic molecules commonly applied in evaporated organic solar cells:

ZnPc (zinc-phthalocyanine), Me-Ptcdi (N,N’-dimethylperylene-
3,4,9,10-dicarboximide), and the buckminster fullerene C60.
contii
Several solution processible conjugated polymers and a fullerene derivative used in organic
solar cells. Upper row: the p-type holeconducting
donor polymers MDMO-PPV , P3HT and PFB . Lower row: the electronconducting
acceptor polymers CN-MEH-PPV and F8TB and a soluble derivative of C60, PCBM .
DEVICE ARCHITECTURES
Single layer
• These cells are made by
sandwiching a layer of organic
electronic materials between two
metallic conductors, typically a
layer of indium tin oxide (ITO)
with high work function and a
layer of low work function metal
such as Aluminum, Magnesium or
Calcium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org
anic_solar_cell Fig Sketch of a single layer
organic photovoltaic cell
Bilayer heterojunction
• Bilayer cells contain two layers in
between the conductive
electrodes
• . The two layers have different
electron affinity and ionization
energies, therefore electrostatic
forces are generated at the
interface between the two layers.
The materials are chosen to make
the differences large enough that
these electric fields are strong,
which splits excitons much more
efficiently than single layer
photovoltaic cells.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Organic_solar_cell
Sketch of a multilayer organic

photovoltaic cell
Bulk heterojunction
 Bulk heterojunctions have an
absorption layer consisting of a
nanoscale blend of donor and
acceptor materials. Bulk
heterojunctions are most commonly
created by forming a solution
containing the two components,
casting (e.g. drop casting and spin
coating) and then allowing the two
phases to separate, usually with the
assistance of an annealing step.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O
rganic_solar_cell
Sketch of a dispersed junction
photovoltaic cell
Preparation technique
ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN
THERMAL VTTHERMAL VATHERMAL VACCCUM EVAPORATOR.
CCCUM EVAPORATORTHERMAL VACCCUM EVAPORATOR.
HERMAL VTHERMAL VACCCUM EVAPORATOR.
ACCCUM EVAPORATORACTHERMAL VACCCUM EVAPORATORCCUM EVAPORATOR
• Thermal evaporation is physical vapor deposition technique.

• Through this technique we can deposit only those
materials(either metals or insulator and semiconductors
including both inorganic and organic semiconductor e.g
naphthalene and methyl blue) on substrate which has ability
to sublime.
• The coating material can either molecules like
nitrides(titanum nitride) and oxide(CO₂) or pure atomic
elements such as metals .
• The substance which we want to be coated is called
substrate ,it is made up of materials like glass,semiconductor .
Thermal evaporation
it is process in which we evaporate a material
(metal ,semiconductor and insulators) by resistive heating.
For resistive heating of a material we use different sources
like filaments(in which we hook the material which we
want to be deposit on substrate) and boats(which are flat
shape on the surface of which we place the corresponding
material).
The filament operate at voltage of 6-20v and current ranges
from 50-100amp.
While the boat operate at current of 300-400amp and at
relaetivly low values of voltage.
Thermal evaporator
• It is an apparatus in which we can deposit
substrate with thermally evaporated material
(metal ,semiconductors and insulator).
Procedure
• Take the boat from apparatus ,put the
corresponding material (which should be in the
form powder or solid) on it.
• hook up the boat between the 2 handles these
handles are made up of metals and are connected
to some electricity source.
THE
Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically transparent
• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-

metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
16
SEMICONDUCTORS
Solar Cells
OLED
Technology
Organic and inorganic semiconductor
• The inorganic semiconductor materials based on
crystalline silicon (Si) solar cells .These solar cells
have strong stability even when exposed to harsh
conditions over several years but the major problems
which occur with these materials are complex
processing steps and production remain too costly at
the commercial level. Like inorganic semiconductors,
organic semiconductors are promising materials for
other optoelectronic applications such as light-
emitting diodes (LEDs), organic field effect
transistors (OFET), organic photovoltaics (OPV)
and optical switches .
contii
• Most organic materials
• are inexpensive
• and compatible with low-cost,
• large-area manufacturing processes,
• easy process ability at much lower temperatures
relative to inorganic semiconductors.

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solar cells

ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN

Some organic molecules commonly applied in evaporated organic solar cells:

Sketch of a multilayer organic

• Thermal evaporation is physical vapor deposition technique.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-

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