Introduction to

computer system
What is Computer?
• The word computer comes from the word
“compute”, which means, “to calculate”.
• A computer is an electronic device that can
perform arithmetic operations at high speed,
and it can process data, pictures, sound and
graphics.
• It can solve highly complicated problems quickly
and accurately.
 Advantages of Computer
• Speed
• It can calculate millions of expression within a
fraction of second.
• Storage
• It can store large amount of data using
various storage devices.
• Accuracy
• It can perform the computations at very high
speed without any mistake.
 Advantages of Computer
• Reliability
• The information stored in computer is available after
years in same form. It works 24 hours without any
problem as it does not feel tiredness.
• Automation
• Once the task is created in computer, it can be
repeatedly performed again by a single click whenever
we want.
• Multitasking
• It can perform more than one tasks/operations
simultaneously.
Disadvantages of Computer
• Lake of intelligence
• It can not think while doing work.
• It does not have natural intelligence.
• It can not think about properness, correctness or
effect of work it is doing.
• Unable to correct mistake
• It can not correct mistake by itself.
• So if we provide wrong or incorrect data then it
produces wrong result or perform wrong
calculations.
 Block Diagram of Computer
• It is a pictorial representation of a
computer which shows how it works
inside.
• It shows how computer works from
feeding/inputting the data to getting the
result.
Block Diagram of Computer

CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
R
CONTROL UNIT
OL UN
INPUT SECTION AIRHTMETIC AND OUTPUT SECTION
(Mouse, Keyboard LOGICAL UNITIT (Monitor, Printer
etc…) etc…)

PRIMARY MEMORYIT
…)

SECONDARY MEMORY
(Hard disk, Pen drive etc…)
 Block diagram of computer
(Input Section)
• The devices used to enter data into computer system
are called input devices.
• It converts human understandable input to
computer controllable data.
• CPU accepts information from user through input
devices.
• Examples: Mouse, Keyboard, Touch screen, Joystick
etc…
Block diagram of computer
(Output Section)
• The devices used to send the information to the
outside world from the computer is called
output devices.
• It converts data stored in 1s and 0s in computer
to human understandable information.
• Examples: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speakers
etc…
Block diagram of computer
(Central Processing Unit (CPU))
• It contains electronics circuit that processes the data
based on instructions.
• It also controls the flow of data in the system.
• It is also known as brain of the computer.
• CPU consists of,
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• It performs all arithmetic calculations such as
add, subtract, multiply, compare, etc. and takes
logical decision.
• It takes data from memory unit and returns data
to memory unit, generally primary memory
(RAM).
• Control Unit (CU)
•It controls all other units in the computer
system. It manages all operations such as
reads instruction and data from memory.
• Primary Memory
•It is also known as main memory.
•The processor or the CPU directly stores
and retrieves information from it.
•Generally, currently executing programs
and data are stored in primary memory.
Block diagram of computer
(Secondary Memory)
• Secondary memory is also called Auxiliary memory or
External memory.
• It is Used to store data permanently.
• It can be modified easily.
• It can store large data compared to primary memory.
Now days, it is available in Terabytes.
• Examples: Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD, DVD, Pen drive,
etc…
 What is Hardware?
• Hardware refers to the physical parts of a
computer.
• The term hardware also refers to mechanical
device that makes up computer.
• User can see and touch the hardware
components.
• Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard,
mouse, hard disk, etc…
 What is Software?
• A set of instruction in a logical order
to perform a meaningful task is called
program and a set of program is called
software.
• It tell the hardware how to perform a
task.
• Types of software
• System software
• It is designed to operate the computer hardware
efficiently.
• Provides and maintains a platform for running
application software.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix etc.
• Application software
• It is designed to help the user to perform general task
such as word processing, web browser etc.
• Examples: Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint etc.
 Categories of System Software
• Operating system
• It controls hardware as well as interacts with users, and provides
different services to user.
• It is a bridge between computer hardware and user.
• Examples: Windows XP, Linux, UNIX, etc…
• System support software
• It makes working of hardware more efficiently.
• For example drivers of the I/O devices or routine for socket
programming, etc…
• System development software
• It provides programming development environment to
programmers.
• Example: Editor, pre-processor, compiler, interpreter, loader, etc…
Categories of Application Software
• General purpose software
• It is used widely by many people for some
common task, like word processing, web browser,
excel, etc…
• It is designed on vast concept so many people can
use it.
• Special purpose software
• It is used by limited people for some specific task
like accounting software, tax calculation software,
ticket booking software, banking software etc…
• It is designed as per user’s special requirement.
Compiler, Interpreter and
Assembler
• Compiler translates program of higher level
language to machine language. It converts
whole program at a time.
• Interpreter translates program of higher level
language to machine language. It converts
program line by line.
• Assembler translates program of assembly
language to machine language.
 Types of Computer Languages
• Machine level language OR Low level language
• It is language of 0’s and 1’s.
• Computer directly understand this language.
• Assembly language
• It uses short descriptive words (MNEMONIC) to represent each of
the machine language instructions.
• It requires a translator knows as assembler to convert assembly
language into machine language so that it can be understood by
the computer.
• Examples: 8085 Instruction set
• Higher level language
• It is a machine independent language.
• We can write programs in English like manner and therefore easier
to learn and use.
• Examples: C, C++, JAVA etc…
 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware

• Operating system goals:

• Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
 Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four
components:
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware
among various applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
 What Operating Systems Do ?
• Depends on the point of view
• Users want convenience, ease of use
• Don’t care about resource utilization
• But shared computer such as mainframe or
minicomputer must keep all users happy
• Users of dedicate systems such as workstations
have dedicated resources but frequently use shared
resources from servers
• Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized
for usability and battery life
• Some computers have little or no user interface,
such as embedded computers in devices and
automobiles
 Operating System Definition

• OS is a resource allocator
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use

• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)

• No universally accepted definition

• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an

operating system” is good approximation
• But varies wildly

• “The one program running at all times on the

computer” is the kernel. Everything else is
either a system program (ships with the
operating system) or an application program.
Computer Startup

• bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or

reboot
• Typically stored in ROM or EPROM,
generally known as firmware
• Initializes all aspects of system
• Loads operating system kernel and starts
execution
Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through
common bus providing access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing
for memory cycles
Computer-System Operation

• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

• Each device controller is in charge of a particular
device type
• Each device controller has a local buffer
• CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from
local buffers
• I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
• Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt
I/O Structure
• After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon
I/O completion
• Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
• Wait loop (contention for memory access)
• At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no
simultaneous I/O processing

• After I/O starts, control returns to user program without

waiting for I/O completion
• System call – request to the OS to allow user to wait for
I/O completion
• Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device
indicating its type, address, and state
• OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device
status and to modify table entry to include interrupt
 Storage Definitions and Notation Review

• The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one
of two values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on
collections of bits.
• Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can
represent: numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents,
and programs, to name a few.
• A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest
convenient chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t
have an instruction to move a bit but do have one to move a byte.
• A less common term is word, which is a given computer
architecture’s native unit of data.
• A word is made up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer
that has 64-bit registers and 64-bit memory addressing typically
has 64-bit (8-byte) words.
• A computer executes many operations in its native word size
rather than a byte at a time.
Computer storage, along with most computer
throughput, is generally measured and
manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes.
A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes
a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes
a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes
a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes
a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes

Computer manufacturers often round off these

numbers and say that a megabyte is 1 million
bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes.
Networking measurements are an exception to
this general rule; they are given in bits (because
networks move data a bit at a time).
 Direct Memory Access Structure

• Used for high-speed I/O devices able to

transmit information at close to memory
speeds
• Device controller transfers blocks of data from
buffer storage directly to main memory
without CPU intervention
• Only one interrupt is generated per block,
rather than the one interrupt per byte
Storage Structure
• Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
• Random access
• Typically volatile
• Secondary storage – extension of main memory that
provides large nonvolatile storage capacity
• Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic recording material
• Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are
subdivided into sectors
• The disk controller determines the logical interaction
between the device and the computer
• Solid-state disks – faster than magnetic disks, nonvolatile
• Various technologies
• Becoming more popular
Storage Hierarchy
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility

• Caching – copying information into faster storage system;

main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary
storage

• Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O

• Provides uniform interface between controller and
kernel
Storage-Device Hierarchy
Caching
• Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer
(in hardware, operating system, software)
• Information in use copied from slower to faster storage
temporarily
• Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if
information is there
• If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
• If not, data copied to cache and used there
• Cache smaller than storage being cached
• Cache management important design problem
• Cache size and replacement policy
 Computer-System Architecture
• Most systems use a single general-purpose processor (PDAs
through mainframes)
• Most systems have special-purpose processors as well

• Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

• Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
• Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault
tolerance
• Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing
 Computing Environments – Cloud Computing

• Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a

network
• Logical extension of virtualization as based on virtualization
• Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of VMs, PBs
of storage available across the Internet, pay based on usage
• Many types
• Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
• Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
• Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud
components
• Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications
available via the Internet (i.e. word processor)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for
application use via the Internet (i.e a database server)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage
available over Internet (i.e. storage available for backup use)
 Computing Environments – Cloud
Computing
• Cloud compute environments composed of traditional OSes,
plus VMMs, plus cloud management tools
• Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls
• Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications
 Open-Source Operating Systems
• Operating systems made available in source-code format
rather than just binary closed-source
• Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights
Management (DRM) movement
• Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has
“copyleft” GNU Public License (GPL)
• Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core
of Mac OS X), and many more
• Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows),
Virtualbox (open source and free on many platforms -
http://www.virtualbox.com)
• Use to run guest operating systems for exploration
ERP:
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a
comprehensive software solution designed to
integrate and manage the core functions of a
business within a unified system. ERP systems
streamline processes and information across
various departments, such as finance, human
resources, manufacturing, supply chain, and
customer service, to improve efficiency and data
accuracy.
Key Features of ERP:

1. Integration: Combines different business processes

into a single, cohesive system, facilitating real-time
data sharing and communication across departments.
2. Automation: Automates routine tasks such as data
entry, reporting, and inventory management, reducing
manual work and minimizing errors.
3. Data Management: Provides a centralized database
where all business data is stored, making it easier to
manage, analyze, and report on.
1.Real-Time Reporting: Offers up-to-date
insights and analytics, allowing businesses to
make informed decisions based on current
data.
2.Scalability: Can be customized and scaled
to fit the needs of businesses of various sizes
and industries, accommodating growth and
changing requirements.
3.Compliance: Helps ensure that business
processes adhere to regulatory standards
and industry practices, reducing compliance
risks.
Benefits of ERP:
● Increased Efficiency: By automating and streamlining
processes, ERP systems can significantly enhance
operational efficiency and productivity.
● Improved Accuracy: Centralized data reduces the risk
of errors and discrepancies, leading to more accurate
financial reporting and business analysis.
● Better Decision-Making: Real-time data and advanced
analytics support more informed decision-making and
strategic planning.
● Enhanced Collaboration: Facilitates better
communication and collaboration among departments
through shared information and processes.
Implementation Considerations:
● Customization and Integration: ERP systems often
need to be customized to fit specific business processes
and integrated with existing systems.
● Training and Change Management: Successful
implementation requires training for users and effective
change management strategies to ensure smooth
adoption.
● Cost: ERP systems can be a significant investment, with
costs including software, hardware, training, and
ongoing maintenance.
CRM:

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

is a strategy and software system designed
to manage and analyze customer
interactions and data throughout the
customer lifecycle. The primary goal of CRM
is to enhance business relationships,
improve customer satisfaction, and drive
sales growth by organizing and automating
various aspects of customer engagement.
Key Features of CRM:
1. Customer Data Management: Centralizes customer
information, including contact details, communication history,
and purchase history, allowing for a comprehensive view of
each customer.
2. Sales Automation: Streamlines sales processes by
automating tasks such as lead management, sales tracking,
and follow-ups, helping sales teams to be more productive and
effective.
3. Marketing Automation: Supports the creation, execution, and
monitoring of marketing campaigns, segmenting customer
lists, and tracking campaign performance to enhance
marketing efforts.
1. Customer Service and Support: Provides tools for
managing customer inquiries, support tickets, and
service requests, improving response times and
customer satisfaction.
2. Analytics and Reporting: Delivers insights through
dashboards and reports, helping businesses
understand customer behavior, track performance,
and make data-driven decisions.
3. Integration Capabilities: Can integrate with other
systems such as ERP, email platforms, and social
media channels to provide a seamless flow of
information across the organization.
Benefits of CRM:
● Improved Customer Relationships: By
maintaining detailed customer profiles and
interaction histories, businesses can
personalize communications and build stronger
relationships with customers.
● Increased Sales: CRM systems help manage
sales pipelines, track leads, and identify
opportunities, which can lead to increased
sales and revenue.
● Enhanced Customer Service: Streamlines
customer support processes, enabling faster
resolution of issues and better customer service.
● Better Data Management: Centralizes
customer information, making it easier to access
and analyze data, leading to more informed
business decisions.
● Efficient Marketing: Allows for targeted
marketing efforts based on customer data and
behavior, improving campaign effectiveness and
ROI.
Service Architecture:
• Service Architecture refers to a design framework for
building and organizing services within a system or
application.

• It outlines how various services interact with each

other and with external systems, ensuring that they
work together efficiently to meet the overall goals of
the organization.

• This architecture is critical in modern software

development, particularly in large-scale, distributed
systems and microservices environments.
Software as a Service (SaaS):

Definition: SaaS provides access to

software applications over the internet,
typically through a web browser. The
software is hosted and maintained by the
service provider, and users subscribe to the
service on a pay-as-you-go or subscription
basis.
Key Features:

● No Installation Required: Users can access the software

directly through a web browser without needing to install or
maintain it on their local devices.
● Automatic Updates: The service provider handles software
updates, patches, and maintenance, ensuring users always
have access to the latest version.
● Accessibility: Accessible from anywhere with an internet
connection, facilitating remote work and collaboration.
● Scalability: Providers can scale resources and services
based on user demand, often with minimal effort from users.
Examples:
● Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)
● Microsoft 365
● Salesforce
● Dropbox
Use Cases:
● Email and collaboration tools
● Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
● Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
● File storage and sharing
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Definition: PaaS provides a platform that allows developers to
build, deploy, and manage applications without dealing with the
underlying infrastructure. It includes operating systems,
development frameworks, databases, and other tools required for
application development.
Key Features:
● Development Frameworks: Offers pre-built frameworks and
tools for application development, such as web servers,
databases, and application containers.
● Scalability: Automatically scales resources based on
application demand, without requiring manual intervention.
● Focus on Development: Developers can focus on coding
and deploying applications rather than managing
infrastructure.
● Integration: Provides integration with various databases,
development tools, and other services.
Examples:
● Google App Engine
● Microsoft Azure App Services
● Heroku
● AWS Elastic Beanstalk
Use Cases:
● Developing web and mobile applications
● Creating APIs and microservices
● Deploying and managing application
environments
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Definition: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over
the internet. It offers basic infrastructure components like virtual
machines, storage, and networking, allowing users to build and
manage their own IT environments without investing in physical
hardware.
Key Features:
● Virtualized Resources: Provides virtual machines, storage,
and networking resources on a pay-as-you-go basis.
● Full Control: Users have full control over the operating
systems, applications, and configurations of their virtual
environments.
● Scalability: Resources can be scaled up or down based on
demand, providing flexibility in managing computing power
and storage.
● Cost-Efficiency: Reduces the need for capital investment in
physical hardware and allows for cost management based
on usage.
Examples:
● Amazon Web Services (AWS)
● Microsoft Azure
● Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
● IBM Cloud
Use Cases:
● Hosting virtual servers and storage
● Running large-scale data processing applications
● Managing development and testing environments
● Providing backup and disaster recovery solutions
THANK YOU