Physics project (1)

PHYSICS PROJECT
Session : 2024-25
A project on
Electromagnetic induction
Nidhi K Patel
XII-C
Roll no.: 07
CONTENT
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Theory
 Law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to express a deep sense of thanks
and gratitude my project guide Mr. Akash Dave
for guiding me immensely through the course of
the project. He always envinced keen intrest in
my project. His constructive advice & constant
motivation have been responsible for the
successful completion of this project.
 My sincere thank goes to our principle ma’am
for his co-ordination in extending every possible

support for the completion of this project.
 Last but not the least, I would like to thank all
those who had helped directly or indirectly

towards the completion of this project.
INTRODUCTION
 Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just
induction) is a process where a conductor
placed in a changing magnetic field ( or a
conductor moving through a stationary
magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn causes an
electrical current it is said to induced current.
THEORY
 While oersted’s surprising discovery of
electromagnetism paved the way for more
practical applications of electricity, it was
michael faraday who gave us the key to the
practical generation of electricity,
electromagnetic induction. Farday discovered
that a voltage would be generated across a
length of wire if that wire was exposed to a
perpendicular magnetic flux of changing
intensity.
 An easy way to create a magnetic field of
changing intensity is to move a permanent

magnet next to a wire or coil of wire. The
magnetic field must increase or decrease .
INTENSITY
PERPEDICULAR TO THE
WIRE ( SO THAT THE
LINES OF FLUX “CUT
ACROSS” THE
CONDUCTOR), OR ELSE
NO VOLTAGE WILL BE
INDUCED.
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT
THE FOLLOWING
EXPERIMENT PERFORMED
BY FARADAY LED TO THE
DISCOVERY OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION.
 When the strength of magnetic field is varied
consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron
rod is connected with galvanometer, battery and
tapping key. When tapping key is pressed and when it is
released galvanometer shows deflection showing the
presence of induced current.
Explanation :
When tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked
with the coil S changed because of increase in
magnetic field of coil P and induced current in produced
and when it is released magnetic flux is again changed
and induced current is produced. But when the tapping
key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with
coil do not changed and induced current do not produce
so galvanometer shows no deflection.
LAW
 Farday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
the results of faraday’s experiment on
electromagnetic induction are known as
“faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction”.
These are stated as below:
1.Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit ( a
loop of wire or a coil or an electric circuit in
general ) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change
in magnetic flux continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the circuit.
 Farday was able to mathematically relate the
rate of change of the magnetic field flux with
induced voltage ( the lower case letter “e”
represents voltage. This refers to
instantaneous voltage, or volatge at a
specific point in time, rather than a steady,
stable volatge.
 A corollary of faraday’s law, together with
ampere’s law and ohm’s law is lenz’s law: the

emf induced in an electric circuit always acts
in such a direction that the current it drives
around the circuit opposes the change in
magnetic flux which produces the emf.
 Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to
determine the direction of the direction of
induced current produced in the circuit.
 Lenz’s law states that the induced current
produced in a circuit always flows in such a

direction that it opposes the change or cause
that produces it.
 On pressing the key the current in the coil p
flows in clockwise direction and magnetic

lines of force are directed from left to right.
Then magnetic flux linked with coil S
changed. The direction of induced current
should be such that it should oppose the
direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So
induced current in direction and
Magnetic lines of force are directed from left to
right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil
s changed. The direction of induced current
should be such that it should oppose the
direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So
induced current in the coil S is from right to
left. So induced current in coil S should flow
in anticlockwise direction.
 e = N × dΦdt
 where,
 e is the induced voltage
N is the number of turns in the coil

Φ is the magnetic flux
t is the time
 Lenz’s law of Electromagnetic Induction
 Lenz law of electromagnetic induction states that,
when an emf induces according to Faraday’s law, the
polarity (direction) of that induced emf is such that it
opposes the cause of its production.
 According to Lenz’s law
 E = -N (dΦ/ dt) (volts)
 Eddy currents
 By Lenz law of electromagnetic induction, the current
swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic field
opposing the change. Because of the tendency of
eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause a loss
of energy. Eddy currents transform more useful forms
of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat, which
isn’t generally useful. In many applications, the loss
of useful energy is not particularly desirable, but
there are some practical applications. Like:
 In the brakes of some trains. During braking, the
brakes expose the metal wheels to a magnetic
field which generates eddy currents in the wheels.
The magnetic interaction between the applied
field and the eddy currents slows the wheels
down. The faster the wheels spin, the stronger is
the effect, meaning that as the train slows the
braking force is reduces, producing a smooth
stopping motion.
 There are few galvanometers having a fixed core
which are of nonmagnetic metallic material. When
the coil oscillates, the eddy currents that generate
in the core oppose the motion and bring the coil
to rest.
 Induction furnace can be used to prepare alloys,
by melting the metals. The eddy currents
generated in the metals produce high
temperature enough to melt it.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN AC
GENERATOR
 One of the important application of

electromagnetic induction is the generation of
alternating current.
 The AC generator with an output capacity of 100
MV is a more evolved machine. As the coil

rotates in a magnetic field B, the effective area
of the loop is A cosθ, where θ is the angle
between A and B. This is a method of producing
a flux change is the principle of operation of a
simple ac generator. The axis of rotation coil is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic
field. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic
flux through it to change, so an emf keeps
inducing in the coil.
ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS
 Another important application of electromagnetic

induction is an electrical transformer. A
transformer is a device that changes ac electric
power at one voltage level to another level
through the action of a magnetic field. A step-
down transformer is the one in which the
voltage is higher in the primary than the
secondary voltage. Whereas the one in which the
secondary voltage has more turns is a step-up
transformer. Power companies use a step
transformer to boost the voltage to 100 kV, that
reduces the current and minimizes the loss of
power in transmission lines. On the other end,
household circuits use step-down transformers to
decrease the voltage to the 120 or 240 V in them.
CONCLUSION
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
first observed and published by michael
faraday in the mid- nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of
faraday’s is not hard to grasp, it relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways, from the shining of
the sun to the convenience of mobile
communications to electricity to power our
homes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.ncert.com
 Mycbse.com
 Learnphys.com

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PHYSICS PROJECT

for his co-ordination in extending every possible

those who had helped directly or indirectly

changing intensity is to move a permanent

ampere’s law and ohm’s law is lenz’s law: the

produced in a circuit always flows in such a

flows in clockwise direction and magnetic

 e is the induced voltage

N is the number of turns in the coil

 One of the important application of

MV is a more evolved machine. As the coil

 Another important application of electromagnetic

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