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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT SYSTEMS (MIMO)
By MOHAMMED BERHEA
1. Introduction
MIMO Systems:
 use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from a
single channel
 are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial
Multiplexing
Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
• Spatial Diversity
– Signal copies are transferred from multiple antennas
or received at more than one antenna
– redundancy is provided by employing an array of
antennas, with a minimum separation of λ/2 between
neighbouring antennas
• Spatial Multiplexing
– the system is able to carry more than one data stream
over one frequency, simultaneously
Why MIMO?
• There is always a need for increase in performance in
wireless systems
– Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data
rates
– High Quality of Service (QoS)
– Wide coverage, etc.
• Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
– Suffers from Co–channel interference and signal level
fading
– It provides a limited bandwidth
– power falls off with distance
MIMO System solutions
• By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO) systems

– Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
– Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or bandwidth
expenditure
– Array gain results in an increase in average receive
SNR.
• Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be
conflicting goals
Spatial Multiplexing
• MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R parallel
independent channels → Multiplexing Gain
– Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different antennas to
increase the throughput, capacity.
Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
MEMO capacity on fading channels
• The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MEMO

systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
– SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:
2
C B log (1  snr h )
2
Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain

– SIMO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
m 2
C B log (1  snr   h )
2 n
n 1
– MISO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
 snr  N 2
C B log (1     h )
2  N  n 1 n
• The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following forms
(Assuming Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:
 Es  2
C  N log (1    h )
2  N 2  n
 
– Where Es is the total power, σ2 is noise level of AWGN
– Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
– The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter
N  En  2 
C   log (1    h )
n1  2  2  n 
  
• With the channel known at the transmitter, the total power allocation
the each channel will be based on watterfilling.
– Watterfilling: Strong Sub-channel, with low noise power level will be
assigned with a higher signal power.
Illustrating Watterfilling
Where σN2 = σ2 / │hn2│
Source: MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,

www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading
channel []
60
55
50
45
40
Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]
N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8
Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

Spatial Diversity
• Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the
receiver-side
• Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured
redundancy
xi yi
MIMO Diversity and Reliability
• The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for

MIMO can be compared with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
• The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in [1]
– SISO: y hx  n
2 1
E hx 2 Pe 
SNR (h)  SNR h and SNR
En
2 1
2
– Receive Diversity (SIMO): yi hi x  ni , i 1,2, N
N 1
Pe 
SNR (h) SNR  h
2
N
and  SNR 
i 1  
 2 
MIMO Diversity and Reliability
• The values for SNR and Pe for: M

– Transmit Diversity (MISO): y  hjx j  n
j 1
M 1
Pe 
SNR (h) SNR  hj
2
and M
 SNR 
j 1 1  
 2 
– Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO): M
• The received signal at antenna i will be: yi  hijxj  ni
• H is the channel fading matrix j 1
SNR H
2 1
2 Pe  MN
SNR ( H ) SNR H and  SNR 
min{N , M }  1  
 2 min{N , M } 
Conclusion
• The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows logarithmically

with the number of antennas
• Capacity of MEMO increases linearly with the number of antennas
• Using Spatial Diversity:
– The SNR increases and Pe decreases when using MIMO
• Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity are conflicting objectives
References
[1] MIMO Architecture for Wireless Communication: Intel Technology Journal,

vol. 10, Issue 02, May 2006
[2] MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,
www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
[3] R.A. Carrasco, Space-time Diversity Codes for fading Channel,
Staffordshire University
[4] D. Gesbert, M.Shafi, D. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, “From Theory to
Practice: An Overview of MIMO Space–Time Coded Wireless Systems”
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 21,
NO. 3, APRIL 2003
[5] Introduction to MIMO Systems: Application Note 1MA102, Rohde & schwarz

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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE

OUTPUT SYSTEMS (MIMO)

• By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO) systems

Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

• The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MEMO

Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain

Where σN2 = σ2 / │hn2│

Source: MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

• The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for

• The values for SNR and Pe for: M

• The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows logarithmically

[1] MIMO Architecture for Wireless Communication: Intel Technology Journal,

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