Chapter-5-Energy-and-Environment (1)_FINAL

Chapter 5:
Energy and
Environment
Energy is the foundation of our modern world. It powers our homes,
businesses, transportation, and countless other aspects.
Understanding different renewable and non-renewable energy
sources is essential for comprehending the complex relationship
between energy consumption and environmental impact.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels Environmental Impact Dependence on Fossil
Non-renewable energy sources The extraction and combustion of
Fuels
are finite resources that take fossil fuels have significant Despite their environmental
millions of years to form and environmental consequences. drawbacks, fossil fuels remain a
cannot be replenished at a rate They release greenhouse gases major source of energy globally.
comparable to their consumption. into the atmosphere, contributing Their widespread use is driven by
They are primarily derived from to climate change. Mining their relatively low cost and
fossil fuels, the remains of ancient operations can also lead to habitat established infrastructure.
organisms transformed over time destruction and pollution. However, as global energy
by heat and pressure. demand increases and
environmental concerns escalate,
the transition towards renewable
energy sources is becoming
increasingly crucial.
Coal
Formation Uses Environmental Impact
Coal is a black, combustible solid Coal is a primary fuel source for Coal combustion releases significant
formed from the remains of ancient power generation, producing amounts of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
plants that died millions of years electricity for homes and businesses. oxides, and particulate matter into
ago. Over time, these plant It is also used in the production of the atmosphere, contributing to air
materials were buried under layers steel, cement, and other industrial pollution, acid rain, and respiratory
of sediment and subjected to products. While coal was a key health problems. Coal mining can
intense heat and pressure, source of power in the past, its use is also lead to land degradation and
transforming them into coal. decreasing due to environmental water contamination.
concerns.
Oil or Crude Oil
1 Formation 2 Uses
Oil is a thick, viscous liquid formed over millions of Oil is a versatile energy source used for
years from the remains of microscopic marine transportation, heating, and the production of
organisms. These organisms were buried under plastics, fertilizers, and other industrial products. It is
layers of sediment and subjected to heat and a major component of gasoline and diesel fuel,
pressure, transforming their organic matter into oil. which power vehicles and machinery.
3 Environmental Impact 4 Future of Oil

Oil spills, which can occur during extraction, With growing concerns about climate change and
transportation, or refining, have devastating the depletion of oil reserves, the future of oil as a
consequences for marine life and ecosystems. Oil dominant energy source is uncertain. However, it is
combustion also releases greenhouse gases, likely to continue to play a significant role in the
contributing to climate change. global energy mix for the foreseeable future.
Natural Gas
1 2 3 4
Formation Uses Environmental Future of

Natural gas is a Natural gas is used for
Impact Natural Gas
flammable gas primarily heating homes and Natural gas leaks during The future of natural
composed of methane, businesses, generating extraction, processing, gas is intertwined with
which is formed over electricity, and powering and transportation can the transition to cleaner
millions of years from vehicles. It is considered release methane, a energy sources. Its role
the decomposition of a cleaner-burning fuel potent greenhouse gas. is likely to decline as
organic matter trapped than coal and oil, However, it still emits renewable energy
under layers of emitting less carbon less carbon dioxide than technologies become
sediment. dioxide. coal and oil when more cost-effective and
burned, making it a widely adopted.
transitional fuel.
Nuclear
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is a non-renewable energy source that harnesses the power of atomic nuclei through nuclear fission. This process
releases enormous amounts of energy, which can be used to generate electricity.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power plants produce large amounts of electricity with relatively low greenhouse gas emissions. They also have a high energy
density, meaning a small amount of nuclear fuel can generate a lot of energy.
Challenges of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy faces several challenges, including the risk of accidents, the long-term storage of radioactive waste, and the potential
for nuclear proliferation. The high initial cost of building nuclear power plants is also a factor.
Future of Nuclear Energy

The future of nuclear energy is debated. Some proponents argue for its role in mitigating climate change, while others express
concerns about its safety and security. Continued research and development may lead to safer and more efficient nuclear technologies.
Renewable Energy Sources
Sustainable Energy Diverse Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources are derived from natural resources Renewable energy technologies encompass a wide range of
that replenish themselves over a relatively short period of time. options, including solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and
They offer a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing biomass. Each source has its own unique characteristics,
greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing environmental impact. advantages, and limitations.
Solar
Source Sunlight
Mechanism Photovoltaic cells convert

sunlight directly into
electricity.
Advantages Clean, renewable, low-
maintenance, and increasingly
cost-effective.
Disadvantages Intermittent, requiring energy

storage solutions, land-
intensive for large-scale
installations.
Geothermal
Harnessing Earth's Heat

Geothermal energy utilizes the heat within the Earth's crust to generate electricity. Hot water or
steam is extracted from underground reservoirs and used to drive turbines that produce electricity.
Environmentally Friendly
Geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable source of energy with low greenhouse gas emissions.
It is also a reliable source of energy, as geothermal reservoirs are continuously replenished.
Geographic Limitations
Geothermal energy is not available everywhere, as it requires specific geological conditions, such as
the presence of hot water or steam reservoirs. The geographical limitations of geothermal energy
make it a regional source of energy.
Hydropower
1 Water Power 2 Advantages of Hydropower
Hydropower harnesses the energy of moving water Hydropower is a reliable and efficient source of
to generate electricity. Dams are built to create energy, with low operating costs and a relatively
reservoirs, and the water is released through small environmental footprint. It is also a flexible
turbines to produce electricity. source of energy, providing both baseload and peak
power.
3 Disadvantages of Hydropower 4 Future of Hydropower

Hydropower dams can have significant The future of hydropower is likely to involve a focus
environmental impacts, including habitat on smaller, more sustainable projects, such as run-
fragmentation, changes in water flow, and the of-river hydropower, which minimizes environmental
displacement of communities. The construction of impact. It is also expected to play a key role in
large dams can also be controversial. meeting growing energy demand in developing
countries.
Wind Energy
Wind energy is a renewable and sustainable source of power that has
gained significant momentum in recent years. It harnesses the kinetic
energy of wind through wind turbines, converting it into electricity. Wind
energy offers a clean and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil
fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a more
sustainable future.
Biomass
Sustainable Source Versatile Applications Carbon Neutrality

Biomass is a renewable energy Biomass can be used for various Biomass is considered carbon-
source derived from organic energy applications, including neutral when the amount of
matter, including wood, crops, and electricity generation, heat carbon dioxide released during
agricultural waste. It offers a production, and biofuel combustion is equal to the
sustainable way to utilize organic production. It can be converted amount absorbed by the plants
materials that would otherwise into various forms of energy, during their growth. By using
decompose, releasing greenhouse providing flexibility in its use. biomass for energy, we can
gases into the atmosphere. Biomass energy technologies offer achieve carbon neutrality,
Biomass energy production plays a diverse range of solutions for mitigating climate change and
a vital role in reducing our meeting energy demands. promoting a more sustainable
dependence on fossil fuels. future.
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Chapter 5:

3 Environmental Impact 4 Future of Oil

Formation Uses Environmental Future of

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

Challenges of Nuclear Energy

Future of Nuclear Energy

Sustainable Energy Diverse Energy Sources

Mechanism Photovoltaic cells convert

Disadvantages Intermittent, requiring energy

Harnessing Earth's Heat

3 Disadvantages of Hydropower 4 Future of Hydropower

Sustainable Source Versatile Applications Carbon Neutrality

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