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    carboxylic_acids - IGCSE

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    carboxylic_acids - IGCSE

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    You are on page 1of 31

    Carboxylic Acids

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    Where are carboxylic acids found?

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    What are carboxylic acids?
    Carboxylic acids contain a functional group of carbon,
    hydrogen and oxygen atoms arranged as follows:

    ...which is written as –COOH.

    For example,

    methanoic acid (HCOOH) ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

    What do you think the carboxylic acid with three carbon


    atoms is called? propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH)

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    Homologous series

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    Representations of organic molecules

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    Identifying carboxylic acids

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    Properties of carboxylic acids
    The structure of carboxylic acids means that they:
     have relatively high melting and boiling points
     are very soluble in water
     are weak acids
     have a characteristic smell.

    Examples of everyday carboxylic acids include:


     citric acid (found in citrus fruits)
     lactic acid (found in tired muscles)
     malic acid (found in sour and tart foods).

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    Match the properties

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    Acids
    Acids ionize in water, meaning that their H+ ions are released
    into the mixture. Acids can be strong or weak depending on
    how much they dissociate.

    Strong acids dissociate fully into solution, so that all their


    H+ ions are released into the mixture.

    HA  H+ + A–
    Hydrochloric acid is a typical strong acid, so the dissociation
    reaction is complete:

    HCl  H+ + Cl–
    Weak acids are different. They do not fully dissociate.

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    Weak acids
    Weak acids, like carboxylic acids, do not dissociate fully, as
    some of their H+ ions stay attached to the acid molecule.

    The dissociation of a weak


    acid in water is a reversible
    reaction:

    HA H+ + A–

    Ethanoic acid is a typical weak acid, with its ions in dynamic


    equilibrium with the undissociated acid. The reaction is
    moving both directions at the same rate.

    CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO–

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    Properties of strong and weak acids

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    pH of strong and weak acids
    pH is a measure of the number of H+ ions in solution, with a
    lower pH meaning more H+ ions.
    Because strong acids dissociate fully in solution, they contain
    many H+ ions per molecule of acid, producing a lower pH.
    Weak acids do not fully dissociate; therefore, they contain
    fewer H+ ions per molecule of acid and:
     have higher pH values
     are worse conductors of electricity
     react less quickly.

    higher H+ lower H+
    concentration concentration

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    Diluting acids
    pH is a measure of acid strength, that is concentration of H+
    ions in a solution. The higher the concentration of H+ ions the
    lower the pH.
    Acid concentration is a measure of the number of moles of
    acid dissolved in a given volume of water. Don’t confuse acid
    strength and acid concentration!
    Strong acids are fully dissociated. They have a relatively
    high concentration of H+ ions and thus a low pH. As the
    strong acid is diluted the concentration of H+ falls and the
    pH rises.
    Weak acids are not fully dissociated. A solution of the same
    concentration as a strong acid will have a lower concentration
    of H+ ions and thus a higher pH.

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    pH or concentration?

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    Strong or weak?

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    Reactivity
    A solution of ethanoic acid reacts more slowly than hydrochloric
    acid of the same concentration.
    Hydrochloric acid is fully
    dissociated, so all the hydrogen
    ions are available to react.
    Ethanoic acid is partially
    dissociated, so there are fewer
    hydrogen ions to react.
    The lower concentration of H+
    ions in ethanoic acid leads to
    lower collision frequency with
    reactant molecules and so a
    slower reaction.

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    Amount of product

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    Amount of product
    A strong acid is fully dissociated and all the H+ ions react
    with the solid reactant.
    A weak acid is partially dissociated and forms the
    equilibrium:

    HA ⇌ H+ + A–

    As the H+ ions react the equilibrium shifts to the right


    making more H+ ions until no more of the undissociated
    acid is left.
    The same volume of a weak acid and a strong acid of
    equal concentration will contain the same number of
    moles of H+ and so will produce the same volume of
    gaseous product.

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    Electrolysis of acids
    Ethanoic acid is less conductive than hydrochloric acid of the
    same concentration.
    The ethanoic acid is only partially dissociated and contains a
    lower concentration of hydrogen ions to carry the charge.
    The electrolysis of either
    ethanoic acid or
    hydrogen
    hydrochloric acid
    gas
    produces hydrogen gas at
    the negative electrode.
    The H+ ions are attracted to the
    acid
    negative electrode when they
    are reduced (gain electrons) to
    form hydrogen gas.

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    Chemical properties of carboxylic acids
    Carboxylic acids are typical weak acids.

    What would happen if you added each of these substances


    to a few cm3 of dilute ethanoic acid:

     a few drops of universal


    indicator?
     3 cm3 sodium hydroxide
    solution?
     half a spatula of sodium
    carbonate?
     a piece of magnesium
    ribbon?

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    Reactions of carboxylic acids

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    Reactions of carboxylic acids

    Carboxylic acids react like any other type of acid, forming


    salts when they react with alkalis, carbonates and metals:
    sodium  sodium
    ethanoic acid + + water
    hydroxide ethanoate
    CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O

    sodium sodium carbon


    ethanoic acid +  + + water
    carbonate ethanoate dioxide
    2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3COONa + CO2 + H 2O

     sodium
    ethanoic acid + sodium + hydrogen
    ethanoate
    2CH3COOH + 2Na  2CH3COONa + H2

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    Reactions of carboxylic acids

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    Reactions of carboxylic acids

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    Glossary

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    Multiple-choice quiz

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