COURSE NAME :

PROVIDE INFORMATION ON
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT

PHARMACY LEVEL III

HARAAMBEE UNIVERSITY

prepared by Yoseph
 Introduction to Nutrition
Definition
What is Nutrition
• Nutrition: is the science study of food; the nutrients and other substances
therein ; their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease;
and the process by which the organism(i.e., body) ingests, digests ,transport ,
absorbs, utilizes &excretes food substances.
• The sum of all processes involved in how organisms obtain nutrients,
metabolize them, and use them to support all of life’s processes.
• Food is any solid or liquid, when eaten and absorbed by the body, produce
energy, promote the growth , repair of tissue and promotes resistance against
diseases or maintains and regulates these processes.
 Cont….
 Nutrient: a chemical substance obtained from food and needed by
the body for growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues.
 Many nutrients are considered essential. The body cannot make
them; they must be obtained from food.
• Malnutrition: any condition caused by excess or deficient food
energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients.
 Over nutrition is a result of excessive intake of energy, leading to
overweight and obesity.
 Under nutrition is a lack of nutrients caused by inadequate dietary
intake.
con’t……..

Diet:
Selection of food which is normally eaten by person or
population
Balanced diet :
Diet that provide adequate amount of all nutrients
 Nutrition supplement
• Nutrition supplement can be defined as any vitamin, mineral, added chemical
substances, botanical or herbal products that is added to the diet to improve human
health.

• A product intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the
following dietary ingredients

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Herbs or other botanicals

• Amino acids

• Concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of above listed

ingredients
 Con’t…….
• Dietary supplements may be found in many forms, such as
 pills
 capsules, tablets
 powders, drinks, or energy bars.

• Supplement use can also be considered a type of

complementary or alternative medicine.
• A supplements can provide nutrients either extracted from
food sources or that are synthetic in order to increase the
quantity of their consumption.
 Cont…..

• It also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being

essential to life, but are marketed as having beneficial biological
effects, such as plant pigment or polyphenols.
• Animals can also be sources of supplement ingredients, such as
collagen from chickens or fish .
• Nutrition supplement can be purchased from a number of sources
including retails stores such as pharmacies, health food source or
grocery stores
• can also be obtained directly from health care providers
Cont…..

• Conventional foods are foods that are not dietary supplements.

• Supplementation is the term used to describe the provision of relatively large

doses of micronutrients, usually in the form of pills, capsule so syrups.
• Generally a dietary supplement is a product taken by mouth that is intended to
supplement the diet and that contains one or more "dietary ingredients.“
• Dietary supplements must be labeled as such and must not be represented for
use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or the diet.
• One way to distinguish dietary supplements from conventional foods is by
looking at the nutrition in formation on the label of the product.
• Conventional foods must have a "Nutrition Facts "panel on their labels, but
dietary supplements must have a "Supplement Facts "panel.
 Cont….

D/S intended only to supplement diet

• Not represented for use as conventional food

• Not intended as sole item of a meal or the diet”

• Supplements may be taken in order to correct nutritional deficiencies or
maintain an adequate intake of certain nutrients.
• It has the advantage in a highly absorbable form, and is often the fastest way to
control deficiency in individuals or population groups that have been identified
as being deficient.
• Disadvantage: in some cases an excessive intake of vitamins and minerals can
be harmful to health.
 Cont….

Therefore maximum levels are necessary to ensure their safe use in food supplements.
• UNICEF distribute vitamin capsules and iodine and iron tablets widely to infants,
women of child-bearing age and women who have given birth without prior
assessment of their individual needs.

Iron
• Iron supplementation of iron deficient individuals can improve cognitive function,
school performance and work capacity.
• Its used for reducing anemia deficiency

• Folic acid and has long been included in iron supplements provided to pregnant
women to reduces the risk of megaloblastic anemia
• Iron supplementation during pregnancy is a less cost-effective strategy than
vitamin A fortification in children
 Zinc
• Zinc supplementation improves the growth of stunted, zinc-
deficient children.
• Lowers rates of diarrhea and pneumonia (the two leading causes of
child death),and shortens the duration of diarrhea lepisodes
Vitamin A
• Supplementation of vitamin A deficient children lowers their risk of
morbidity(particularly that related to severe diarrhea),and reduces
mortality from measles and all-cause mortality
Vitamins and minerals
 Herbs
• Herbal supplements are added to the diet for both nutritional and
medicinal purposes.
• Herbs have been used for centuries in many traditional medicine
systems, and as sources of phyto chemicals, or substances found in
plants that have not able effects in the body.
• The medicinal effects of herbs are getting scientific validation;
about one-fourth of all pharmaceuticals have been derived directly
from plant sources, including aspirin(found in willow
bark),codeine(from poppy seeds),paclitaxel (Taxol),apatented drug
for ovarian and breast cancer (from the Pacific Yew tree),and many
others.
 Cont..,..

• can supplement the diet to aid in overall health or to stimulate

healing for specific conditions.
• Herbs come in many forms. They can be purchased as capsules
and tablets, as well as in tinctures, teas, syrups, and ointments.
 Role of nutrition supplements

• Nutritional supplements are used for many purposes:

 To the diet to boost overall health and energy
 To maintain health weight
 To reduce high blood pressure
 Lower high risk of cholesterol
 Support normal growth
 To provide immune system support and reduce the risks of illness
and age-related conditions
 To improve performance in athletic and mental activities.
Cont…..
 To support the healing process during illness and disease.
 To reduce risk of chronic disease (heart disease &cancer)
 However, most of these products are treated as food and not
regulated as drugs are.

Weight gain during pregnancy and birth

• All pregnant women must gain weight fetal growth maternal
health depend on it.
• Maternal weight gain during pregnancy correlates closely with
infant birth weight which is a strong predictors of the health and
subsequent development of the infants
 Cont……

• The recommended total weight gain during pregnancy is:

 25 - 35 pound (lb) for normal adult women

 15 - 25 lb for overweight women.

 15 lb Obese (BMI ≥30

 28–40 lb underweight woman

• Usually a first time pregnancy will sustain a higher net gain, especially in

younger women.

• Of this weight, approximately 7 to 10 lb is fetus

• 1 - 2 lb placenta

• 2 lb uterus
 Cont..

• 8 lb increase in blood volume and fluids

• 3 - 4 lb increase in breast tissue and fat reserves.

• The increase in breast tissue and fat re- serve is in preparation for
breastfeeding.
• The nutrients needed by pregnant women are the same as for non
pregnant women, but the amounts are sharply increased.
• The pattern of weight gain is more important than the total amount
gained.
• The desirable weight gain pattern is approximately 3 lb during the
first trimester of pregnancy and 1 lb per week for the remainder of
the pregnancy.
Cont..

• A sharp increase in weight gain after the 20th week may signal
excess fluid retention, a sign of the potential development of PIH.
• Rapid weight gain from water is an effect, not a cause, of PIH.
• Women who gain too much weight (fat) usually find it difficult to
return to normal weight after pregnancy.
• Their babies may be fat, with an excess weight problem later in
life.
• Gaining the right amount of weight during pregnancy can help
protect women health and the health of baby
 How to gain the right amount of weight during Pregnancy

 Women with inadequate weight gain should:

 eat more frequently

 Eat five to six small meals every day
 choose more nutrient-dense foods
 avoid alcohol and tobacco use
 limit activity, and avoid caffeine or other appetite
depressants.
 Women with excessive gain should:
 limit sweets and high calorie snacks
 Limit sweet or sugar drinks
 Avoid whole milk products
 reduce portion sizes
 limit intake of sweets and foods high in fat
 increase activity, and be evaluated by a registered
dietitian.
 Effect of nutrition on health

Poor nutrition
• Poor nutrition is caused by putting the wrong type of food in your
body that do not have nutrients that we need most.
• These foods include ones that are low in fiber and vitamins or are
high in fat, sugar, and salt.
• Poor nutrition can also be caused by overeating.
• On the other hands if you are under eating you could be depriving
your body of the nutrients it needs. Those who suffer from diseases
such as anorexia.
 How does poor nutrition affect you?

• Poor nutrition can affect your health in many ways, it can leads to:
 Being overweight or obese
 Tooth decay
 High blood pressure
 High cholesterol
 Heart disease and stroke
 Type-2 diabetes
 Osteoporosis
 Some cancers
 Depression
 Cont…..
 Illness, headaches and stomachaches.
 stress , tiredness, and our capacity to work, and over time, it can
contribute to the risk of developing some illnesses and other
health problem .

Children at risk
• Have been defined as at risk with a variety of different indicators ,
including having limited reading, proficiency, having experienced
abuse or trauma, having disability or illness.
 What make children at risk

 Environment in which children develop

 family not owing home, abuse, dysfunction
 Poverty, low level of family education
 Large number of children
 Toxin or pollution
 Welfare dependence.
 Parental substance use.