THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Module – 5
Introduction to communication systems

Course Instructor
Mrs. Shruthi K S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
NIE, Mysuru

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Course Structure: Module – 5: Introduction to communication
systems
Introduction to communication systems
 Communication systems and types modulation schemes
 Introduction to satellite communication
 Mobile and wireless communication
 Introduction to standards of mobile and wireless communication systems
 Working principle of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

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What is Communication?
 Communication is the science and practice of transmitting information.
 Communication Engineering deals with the techniques of transmitting information.
 In brief, Communication Engineering means Electrical Communication, in which information is transmitted
through electrical signals.
 Electrical Communication is a process by which the information/message is transmitted from one point to
another, from one person to another, or from one place to another in the form of electrical signals, through some
communication link.

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Block Diagram of Communication System

Information Channel
Source Encoder Transmitter
Source
Encoder
TRANSMITTER

Channel
B LOC K DIAGRAM OF COMMUNICATION
SYST E M

R EC E I V E R
Destination Channel
Destination Receiver
Decoder
Decoder

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Modern Communication System - A
Process
Information
Text, Image, Audio & Video
source

Converts information signal in analog form to digital binary 1

Source encoder 101101
&0

Encodes the incoming binary information with additional

Channel encoder 100101101
redundancy bits to secure the information over the channel

Transmitter Amplify/Modulate/Filter ASK, PSK, FSK, QPSK, QAM

Channel Finite bandwidth, noise 110101100

Channel decoder Removes redundancy bits 101101

Destination
Converts binary 1 & 0 to equivalent analog form
decoder

Destination Text, Image, Audio & Video is retrieved

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Modern Communication System Scheme
 The main constituents of basic communication system are:
i. Information source and input transducer
ii. Transmitter
iii. Channel or medium
iv. Noise
v. Receiver

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Information Source and Input Transducer
 A communication system transmits information from an information source to a destination.
 Hence the first stage of a communication system is the information source.
 A communication system transmits information in the form of electrical signals.
 If the information produced by the source is not in an electrical form, one will have to use a transducer to
convert the information into electrical form.
 A transducer is a device that converts a non-electrical energy into its corresponding electrical energy called
signal and vice versa.
 An example of a transducer is:
 Microphone converts sound signals into the corresponding electrical signals.
 Similarly, a television (TV) picture tube converts electrical signals into its corresponding pictures.
 Some other examples of transducers are movie cameras, Videocassette Recorder (VCR) heads, tape
recorder heads, and loudspeakers.
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Transmitter
 The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts the electrical signal into a
signal suitable for transmission over a given medium.
 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency
mixers, frequency synthesizers and other circuits.
 The base band signal, which is the output of an input transducer, is input to the transmitter.
 The transmitter section processes the signal prior to transmission.
 The nature of processing depends on the type of communication system.
 There are two options for processing signals prior to transmission:
 Carrier communication system: The baseband signal, which lies in the low frequency spectrum, is translated
to a higher frequency spectrum.
 Baseband communication system: The baseband signal is transmitted without translating it to a higher
frequency spectrum.
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Channel or Medium
 The transmission medium between the transmitter and the receiver is called a channel.
 The channel is a very important part of a communication system.
 Its characteristics add many constraints to the design of the communication system.
 The transmitted signal should have adequate power to withstand the channel noise.
 The channel characteristics also impose constraints on the bandwidth.
 The channel characteristics are also taken into consideration as a design parameter while designing the
transmitter and receiver.
 Depending on the physical implementations, channels are classified into two groups:
 Hardwired channels: manmade structures which can be used as transmission medium.
 Ex: landline telephony, cable TV network, Waveguides and Optical Fiber Cables (OFC)
 Softwired channels: There are certain natural resources which can be used as the transmission medium for
signals. Ex: air or open space and sea water.
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Noise
 Noise is defined as unwanted electrical energy of random and unpredictable nature present in the system due
to any cause.
 Noise is an electrical disturbance, which does not contain any useful information.
 Thus, noise is a highly undesirable part of a communication system, and have to be minimized.
 External noise or extraneous noise: The noise introduced by the transmission medium
 Internal noise: The thermal agitation of atoms and electrons of electronic components used in the equipment

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Receiver
 A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the
channel and converts it back into its original form.
 The task of the receiver is to provide the original information to the user.
 This information is altered due to the processing at the transmitter side.
 The receiver system receives the transmitted signal and performs some processing on it to recover the original
baseband signal.

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Modulation: What is Modulation?
 Modulation is a process in which some characteristic or property of a high frequency signal called carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
 The carrier signal is a sinusoidal signal that can be represented as:
𝒗𝒄(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧(2πf𝒄𝒕 + 𝜽)
 The characteristic of the carrier wave that is modified may be amplitude 𝑉𝑐, frequency 𝑓𝑐 or phase angle 𝜃.
 Accordingly, we have three types of modulation:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

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Need for Modulation
 Improves Quality of reception
 Reduces Height of antenna
 Allows Multiplexing
 Extends the Bandwidth
 Increases Range of Communication
 Reduces noise and interference

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Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation
technique in which the instantaneous amplitude of
the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the analog modulating
signal to be transmitted.
 The modulating signal is an analog baseband signal
which is random and has a low frequency, while the
carrier signal is always a sinusoidal wave with high
frequency.
 The variations in amplitude of carrier signal represent
the information carried.
 Modulation Index is given by 𝜇 = 𝐴𝑚/𝐴𝑐

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Frequency Modulation
 Frequency Modulation (FM) is a modulation technique in
which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the analog
modulating signal to be transmitted.
 Only the frequency of the carrier signal is varied while the
amplitude and phase of the carrier are kept constant.
 The original frequency of the carrier signal is called the center
or resting frequency and denoted as 𝑓𝑐.
 Modulation Index
μ𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
μ𝑓 = ∆f/𝑓𝑚

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Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

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Phase Modulation
 Phase Modulation (PM) is a modulation technique in
which the phase of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
analog modulating signal to be transmitted.
 After phase modulation, amplitude and frequency of the
carrier signal remain unaltered.
 The modulating signal is mapped to the carrier signal in
the form of variations in the instantaneous phase of the
carrier signal.
 Pulse Modulation: PAM, PTM, PWM, PPM

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Digital Modulation Schemes
 In digital communications, the modulating signal consists of binary data or M-ary version of it.
 When it is required to transmit digital signals, the amplitude, frequency or phase of the sinusoidal carrier is
varied in accordance with the incoming digital data.
 Since, the digital data is in discrete steps, the modulation of the bandpass sinusoidal carrier is also done in
discrete steps.
 Due to this reason, this type of modulation is known as digital modulation.
 Digital modulation schemes are classified as
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)/On-Off Keying (OOK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)/ On-Off Keying (OOK)
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
 ASK signal may be generated by simply applying the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the two
inputs of a product modulator.

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 In Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a
carrier signal.
 The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK).
 BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary information (0s and 1s).

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of constant frequency carrier.
 Each symbol (pattern of bits) is represented by a particular phase.
 The simplest form of PSK is Binary PSK (BPSK).
 It uses phases 0° and 180°.
 It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth Communication.

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 SATELLITE ORBITS AND TRAJECTORIES
What is a Satellite?
A satellite in general is any natural or artificial body moving around a celestial body such as planets and stars.
Or
An artificial body placed in orbit which round the earth or moon or another planet in order to collect information or
for communication.
 In the present context, reference is made only to artificial satellites orbiting the planet Earth.

 These satellites are put into the desired orbit and have payloads depending upon the intended application.
SATELLITE ORBITS AND TRAJECTORIES
WHY SATELLITES PLACED AT A DISTANCE OF 500- 32000 KM FROM THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH?
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR SATELLITE SERVICES

◾ Allocating to satellite services is a complicated process which requires international

frequencies and planning.
coordination
◾ This is carried out under the by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

 To facilitate frequency planning, the world is divided into three regions:

◾ Region 1: Europe, Africa, what was formerly the Soviet Union, and Mongolia.

◾ Region 2: North and South America and Greenland.

◾ Region 3: Asia (excluding region 1 areas), Australia, and the south-west Pacific.
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR SATELLITE SERVICES
◾ Within these regions, frequency bands are allocated to various satellite services, although a given service may
be allocated different frequency bands in different regions. Some of the services provided by satellites are:
◾ Fixed satellite service (FSS) – Radio communication

◾ Broadcasting satellite service (BSS)- Television

◾ Mobile satellite services

◾ Navigational satellite services

◾ Meteorological satellite services

FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR SATELLITE SERVICES
Band designation Applications
VHF – 0.1 to 0.3 GHz Mobile and navigational services
UHF
Mobile satellite services and navigation
L - 1 to 2 GHz
systems
S
C- 4 to 8 GHz Fixed satellite service (FSS)
X
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service/
Ku - 12 to 18 GHz
Direct-to-home (DTH) service in Europe
K
Ka
V
W
mm
µm
 INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
◾ A satellite while in the orbit performs its designated role throughout its lifetime (10-15 years).

◾ A communication satellite is a kind of repeater station that receives signals from

ground, processes them and then re-transmits them back to Earth.
 HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF SATELLITES

A-4 (V-2) rockets used extensively during the Second World War for delivering
explosive warheads
 LAUNCH OF EARLY ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
◾ The United States and Russia were the first two countries to draw plans for
artificial satellites in 1955.
◾ Sputnik-1 was the first artificial satellite that brought the space age to life.
◾ Launched on 4 October 1957 from Baikonur Cosmodrome
◾ Orbited earth once every 96 minutes
◾ Elliptical orbit of 227km × 941km
◾ Inclined at 65.1°

◾ 92 successful days in orbit

◾ Burned as it fell from orbit

into the atmosphere on 4 January 1958.

 LAUNCH OF EARLY ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
◾ The satellite carried an animal, a female dog named Laika, in flight.
◾ Laika was the first living creature to orbit Earth.
◾ The launches of Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 had both surprised and embarrassed the Americans as they had no
successful satellite launch to their credit till then.
◾ Explorer-1 was the first satellite to be successfully launched by the United States.
LAUNCH VEHICLE- ROCKETS
LAUNCH VEHICLES OF NASA & ISRO
 LAUNCH VEHICLES OF NASA & ISRO

https://www.isro.gov.
in/ launchers
 DEFINITION OF AN ORBIT AND A TRAJECTORY
• A trajectory is a path traced by a moving body.

• An orbit is a trajectory that is periodically repeated.

• While the path followed by the motion of an artificial satellite around Earth is an orbit.

• The path followed by a launch vehicle is a trajectory called the launch trajectory.

• The motion of different planets of the solar system around the sun and the motion of
artificial satellites around Earth are examples of orbital motion.
DEFINITION OF AN ORBIT AND A TRAJECTORY
 DEFINITION OF AN ORBIT AND A TRAJECTORY

• The term ‘Trajectory’, on the other hand, is associated with a path that is not periodically
revisited.
• The path followed by a rocket on its way to the right position for a satellite launch or the
path followed by orbiting satellites when they move from an intermediate orbit to their
final destined orbit are examples of trajectories.
DEFINITION OF AN ORBIT AND A TRAJECTORY
DEFINITION OF AN ORBIT AND A TRAJECTORY
 ORBITAL PARAMETERS
• The satellite orbit, which in general is elliptical, is characterized by a number of parameters.

• These not only include the geometrical parameters of the orbit but also parameters that define its orientation with
respect to Earth.

1. Ascending and descending nodes

2. Equinoxes
3. Solstices
4. Apogee
5. Perigee
6. Eccentricity
7. Semi-major axis
8. Right ascension of the ascending node
9. Inclination
10. Argument of the perigee
11. True anomaly of the satellite
12. Angles defining the direction of the satellite
 APOGEE
• Apogee is the point on the satellite orbit that is at the farthest distance from the centre of
the Earth.
• The apogee distance can be computed from the known values of the orbit eccentricity ‘e’
and the semi-major axis ‘a’ from
Apogee distance = a(1 + e)
 PERIGEE
• Perigee is the point on the orbit that is nearest to the centre of the Earth.
• The perigee distance can be computed from the known values of orbit eccentricity ‘e’ and
the semi-major axis ‘a’ from

Perigee distance = a(1 − e)

 TYPES OF SATELLITE ORBITS
• Satellites travel around Earth along predetermined repetitive paths called orbits.

• The satellite orbits can be classified on the basis of:

1. Orientation of the orbital plane
2. Eccentricity
3. Distance from Earth

 Orientation of the Orbital Plane

• The orbits can be classified as:

1. Equatorial orbits - angle of inclination is 0 degree
2. Polar orbits - angle of inclination equal to 90 degree
3. Inclined orbits - angle of inclination equal is 0 to 180 degree
ORIENTATION OF THE ORBITAL PLANE
ORIENTATION OF THE ORBITAL PLANE
 ORIENTATION OF THE ORBITAL PLANE
• For inclinations between 0◦ and 90 ◦ ,the satellite travels in the same direction as the direction of rotation of
the Earth.

• The orbit in this case is referred to as a direct or prograde orbit.

 ORIENTATION OF THE ORBITAL PLANE
• For inclinations between 90◦ and 180 ◦ ,The orbit is referred to as a indirect direct or retrograde orbit.
 ECCENTRICITY OF THE ORBIT
• On the basis of eccentricity, the orbits are classified as elliptical and circular orbits.

• If orbit eccentricity lies between 0 and 1, the orbit is elliptical with the center of the Earth lying at one
of the foci of the ellipse.

• When the eccentricity is zero, the orbit becomes circular orbit.

 MOLNIYA ORBIT
• It is widely used by Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union to provide
communication services.
• Typical eccentricity and orbit inclination for the Molniya orbit are 0.75 and 65 degree.
• The apogee and perigee points are about 40000 km and 400 km respectively from the surface of the
Earth.
 DISTANCE FROM EARTH
• Depending upon the distance, these are classified as:
1. Low Earth Orbits (LEOS)
2. Medium Earth Orbits (MEOS) and
3. Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEOS)
 DISTANCE FROM EARTH
Satellite orbit features

Height of around 160 to 500 KM

Shorter orbital periods

Smaller signal propagation delays

Highly suitable for communication applications

Power required for signal transmission is also less

low Earth orbit
Small physical size and are inexpensive to build
(LEO)
Project iridium- MOTOROLA- telecommunication-the project is named ‘iridium’ as
earlier the constellation was proposed to have 77 satellites and the atomic number of
iridium is 77.

Surveillance, weather forecasting, remote sensing and

Scientific studies
PROJECT IRIDIUM- MOTOROLA- TELECOMMUNICATION
 DISTANCE FROM EARTH
Satellite orbit features

Distance of approximately 10000 to 20000KM above the surface of the earth

They have an orbital period of 6 to 12 hours

The transmission distance and propagation delays are greater than those for LEO
Medium Earth Orbit satellites

(MEO)
These orbits are generally polar in nature and are mainly used for communication
and navigation applications.

Power required for signal transmission is also high

Bulky in physical size and are expensive to build

 DISTANCE FROM EARTH
Satellite orbit features

height of about 36000KM, 35786KM to be precise, above the surface of the Earth

A geosynchronous Earth orbit is a prograde orbit whose orbital period is equal to

Earth’s rotational period, The orbital period should be equal to 23 hours 56 minutes

The orbit inclination should be zero.

Geostationary Earth It should have a constant longitude and thus have a uniform angular velocity, which is
Orbit possible when the orbit is circular.
(GEO)
The satellite motion must be from west to east.

relaying communication and TV broadcast signals around the globe

They also perform meteorological and military surveillance

functions very effectively
DISTANCE FROM EARTH
 BEYON
TYPES OF LAUNCH SEQUENCE D
SYLLABUS
THE
LAUNCH SEQUENCE BEYON
D
SYLLABUS
THE
ORBITAL PERTURBATIONS
 TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
• The tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) subsystem monitors and controls the satellite right from
the lift-off stage to the end of its operational life in space.

• The tracking part of the subsystem determines the position of the spacecraft.

• The telemetry part gathers information on the health of various sub-systems of the satellite.

• It encodes this information and then transmits the same towards the earth control centre.

• The command element receives and executes remote control commands from the control centre on earth
to effect changes to the platform functions, configuration, position and velocity.

• The TT&C subsystem is therefore very important, not only during orbital injection and the positioning phase
but also throughout the operational life of the satellite.
TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
Functions

Determine the orbital parameters of the satellite

Tracking Maintaining the satellite in the desired orbit

Angle tracking can, for instance, be used to determine the

azimuth and elevation angles from the earth station

Primarily used by the tracking system to establish

a satellite-to-earth control centre communications channel

Primary function is to monitor the health of

various subsystems on board the satellite
Telemetry
It gathers data from a variety of sensors and then transmits
that data to the earth control centre

The data include a variety of electrical and non-electrical

TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
Functions
The sensor output could be analogue or digital

Telemetry Wherever necessary, the analogue output is digitized

Various signals are multiplexed using the time

division multiplexing (TDM) technique

Used to receive, verify and execute remote

control commands from the satellite control centre

Controlling certain functions during the orbital injection and

positioning phase, including firing the apogee boost motor
Command and extending solar panels, during the launch phase

When in orbit, it is used to control certain onboard

equipment status including transponder switching, antenna
 TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
Two well-established and better-known integrated TT&C networks used worldwide for telemetry,
tracking and command operations of satellites include

1. The ESTRACK (European space tracking) network of the ESA (European space agency) and

2. The ISTRAC (ISRO telemetry, tracking and command) network of the ISRO (Indian space research
organization).

• OPSNET has permanent links with the NASCOM (NASA astronomical satellite communications) network
of NASA (national aeronautics and space administration)
 TRACKING, TELEMETRY AND COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
• The ISTRAC network of ISRO with its headquarters at Bangalore provides TT&C and mission control
support to launch vehicle missions and near Earth orbiting satellites through an integrated network of
ground stations located at:
1. Bangalore
2. Lucknow,
3. Sriharikota
4. PortBlair
5. Thiruvanthapuram
6. Mauritius
7. Bearslake (Russia)
8. Brunei and Biak (Indonesia)
9. with a multimission spacecraft control centre at Bangalore.

• ISTRAC has also established the SPACENET, which connects various ISRO centres.
 PAYLOAD
• Payload is the most important subsystem of any satellite.

• Payload can be considered as the brain of the satellite that performs its intended function.

• The payload carried by a satellite depends upon the mission requirements.

• The basic payload in the case of a communication satellite, for instance, is a transponder, which acts as a
receiver/amplifier/transmitter.

• A transponder can be considered to be a microwave relay channel that also performs the function of
frequency translation from the uplink frequency to the relatively lower downlink frequency.
PAYLOAD
 PAYLOAD
• Satellites employ the L, S, C, X, Ku and Ka microwave frequency bands for communication purposes, with
the Ka band being the latest entry into the satellite communication bands.

• Due to the low atmospheric absorption at the L (2 GHz/1 GHz), S (4 GHz/2 GHz) and C (6 GHz/4
GHz) bands, they were first to be employed for satellite broadcasting applications.

• The C band is the most popular band and is being used for providing domestic and international
telephone services.

• Due to advances in the technology of microwave devices, high frequency Ku (12–18 GHz) and Ka (27–40
GHz) bands are also being extensively used.
 PAYLOAD
• These high frequency bands have advantages of higher bandwidth and reduced antenna size.

• This has led to the revolutionary development in the field of DTH (direct-to-home) services enabling the
individual home users to receive TV and broadcast services using antenna sizes as small as 30–50 cm.

• In the case of weather forecasting satellites, the RADIOMETER is the most important payload.

• The radiometer is used as a camera and has a set of detectors sensitive to the radiation in the visible, near-
IR and far-IR bands.

• Visible images show the amount of sunlight being reflected from Earth or clouds whereas the IR
images provide information on the temperature of the cloud cover or the Earth’s surface.
 PAYLOAD
• The meteorological payload on board INSAT-3 series satellites, for instance, includes a:

• Very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) with 2 km resolution in visible

• 8 km resolution in IR

• Water vapor channels

• CCD (change coupled device) camera in the visible (0.63–0.69µm)

• Near-IR (0.77–0.86µm)

• Short-wave IR (1.55–1.70µm) bands with 1 km resolution

 EARTH STATION
• Three essential elements of any satellite communication network or system include:
1. The earth segment
2. The space segment
3. The up/down link between the space segment and the earth segment
 EARTH STATION
• An Earth station is a terrestrial terminal station mainly located on the Earth’s surface.

• It could even be airborne or maritime.

• Those located on the Earth’s surface could either be fixed or mobile.

• The Earth station is intended for communication with one or more manned or unmanned space stations.
EARTH STATION
EARTH STATION
 EARTH STATION
• Major subsystems comprising an earth station include:
1. Transmitter system complexity depends upon the number of different carrier frequencies and
satellites
simultaneously handled by the earth station.

2. Receiver system complexity again depends upon the number of frequencies and satellites handled by the earth
station.

3. Antenna system that is usually a single antenna used for both transmission and reception with a multiplex
arrangement to allow simultaneous connection to multiple transmit and receive chains.

4. Tracking system to ensure that the antenna points to the satellite.

5. Terrestrial interface equipment.

6. Primary power to run the earth station and

7. Test equipment required for routine maintenance of the earth station and terrestrial interface.
About
1G
 PARAMETERS 1G
Name 1ST Generation Mobile Network
Introduced in year 1980
Location of first commercialization USA
AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System)-North America and Australia,
Technology NMT- Nordic Mobile Telephony (Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland)
TACS-Total Access Communications System (Europe)
Access system FDMA
Switching type Circuit Switching
Speed (data rate) 2.4kbps To 14.4kbps
Special characteristics First Wireless Communication
Features Voice Only
Supports Voice Only
Internet service No Internet
Bandwidth Analog
Operating frequencies 800Mhz
 PARAMETERS 1G
Band type Narrow Band

Carrier frequency 30KHz

Advantage Simpler (Less Complex) Network Elements

Limited Capacity,
Not Secure
Disadvantages Poor Battery Life
Large Phone
Size
Background
Interference
Applications Voice Call
About
2G
 PARAMETERS 2G
Name 2ND Generation Mobile Network
Introduced in year 1993
Location of first commercialization Finland
Technology IS-95,GSM
Access system TDMA, CDMA

Switching type Circuit Switching for voice and Packet Switching for Data

Speed (data rate) 14.4kbps

Special characteristics Digital version of 1G technology
Features Multiple users on single channel
Supports Voice and Data
Internet service Narrowband
Bandwidth 25MHz
Operating frequencies GSM: 900MHz, 1800MHz; CDMA: 800MHz
 PARAMETERS 2G
Band type Narrow Band

Carrier frequency 200KHz

Advantage Multimedia features (SMS, MMS), Internet access and SIM introduced

Long network range

Disadvantages
Slow data rate

Applications Voice Calls, Short messages, Browsing (partial)

About
3G
 PARAMETERS 3G
Name 3RD Generation Mobile Network
Introduced in year 2001
Location of first commercialization Japan
Technology IMT2000, WCDMA, UMTS
Access system CDMA
Switching type Packet Switching
Speed (data rate) 3.1Mbps
Special characteristics Digital broadband, speed increments
Features Multimedia features, video call
Supports Voice and Data
Internet service Broadband
Bandwidth 25MHz
Operating frequencies 2100MHz
 PARAMETERS 3G
Band type Wide Band

Carrier frequency 5MHz

Advantage High security, International roaming

High power consumption

Disadvantages Low network coverage
High cost of spectrum license

Video conferencing
Applications Mobile TV
GPS
About
4G
 PARAMETERS 4G
Name 4TH Generation Mobile Network
Introduced in year 2009
Location of first commercialization South Korea
Technology LTE, WiMAX
Access system CDMA
Switching type Packet Switching
Speed (data rate) 100Mbps
Special characteristics Very high speed, All IP
Features High speed real time streaming
Supports Voice and Data
Internet service Ultra Broadband
Bandwidth 100MHz
Operating frequencies 800MHz, 1800MHz
 PARAMETERS 4G
Band type Ultra Wide Band

Carrier frequency 15MHz

High speed
High speed handoffs
Advantage
MIMO technology
Global mobility

Hard to implement
Disadvantages
Complicated hardware required

Online gaming
Applications Mobile TV
Wearable devices
EVOLUTION OF 2G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
2ND GENERATION TECHNOLOGY ~ DATA RATE

2G GSM 10kbps/user

CDMA 10kbps

2.5G GPRS ~50kbps

EDGE ~50kbps

GSM- Global System for Mobile

CDMA- Code Division for Multiple Access
GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
EDGE- Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
EVOLUTION OF 3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
3RD GENERATION TECHNOLOGY ~ DATA RATE

3G W-CDMA/UMTS ~384kbps

CDMA-2000 ~384kbps

3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 5-30Mbps

1EVDO
5-30Mbps
Rev A, B ,C

W-CDMA- Wideband CDMA

UMTS- Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard
HSDPA- High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSUPA- High Speed Uplink Packet Access
EVDO- Evolution Data Optimized
EVOLUTION OF 4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
4TH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY ~ DATA RATE

4G LTE 100-200 Mbps

WiMax ~100Mbps

LTE- Long Term Evolution

WiMAX- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
APPLICATION OF 2G, 3G & 4G
TECHNOLOGY ~ DATA RATE Application

2G
10-100KBPS VOICE + BASIC DATA
2.5 G

3G
VOICE, HIGH SPEED DATA,
300kbps- ~30Mbps
VIDEO CALLING
3.5G

4G >100Mbps ONLINE GAMING, HDTV

The Cellular Concept
The Cellular Concept
The Cellular Concept: Use of Hexagon to Represent Cellular Coverage
The Cellular Concept: Use of Hexagon to Represent Cellular Coverage
The Cellular Concept: Use of Hexagon to Represent Cellular Coverage
The Cellular Concept: Use of Hexagon to Represent Cellular Coverage
The Cellular Concept
The Cellular Concept: Analysis of Cellular Systems
The Cellular Concept: Analysis of Cellular Systems
The Cellular Concept: Analysis of Cellular Systems
The Cellular Concept: Splitting & Sectoring
The Cellular Concept: Splitting & Sectoring
 Thank
You

DEPT. OF ECE, NIE 3/14/2023 12

MYSURU 1